Lymphatic System Flashcards
1
Q
monitors body surfaces and internal fluid compartments and react to the presence of potentially harmful substances
A
lymphatic system
2
Q
lymphatic system includes
A
Body Surfaces: Mucosa, Skin
Internal Fluid Compartments: Lymph fluid, extracellular fluids, blood
3
Q
Potentially Harmful Substances:
A
: invading microorganism, pathogens, abnormal Host cells (tumor cells, cells that is virally infected.
4
Q
Cells includes
A
lymphocytes (T and B cell) and other immune cells (NK Cells, Antigen presenting cells)
5
Q
Tissues includes
A
diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules
6
Q
Organs include
A
Primary Lymphoid Organs: bone marrow, and thymus
secondary lymphoid Organ: lymph nodes, spleen, mouth (associated lymphoid tissue)
7
Q
Cells are distributed throughout the body in the
A
blood, lymph, and epithelial and connective tissues
8
Q
cells are arranged in
A
n lymphoid nodules found in connective tissues and inside several organs
9
Q
: spherical nodule that contain group of cells isolated cells from mucosa or lining or normal organs; usually located in organs system such as respiratory system, digestive etc.
A
Lymphoid nodule
10
Q
creates young lymphatic or lymphoid tissue - E.g. Mouth or what we call mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.
A
Lymphoid nodule
11
Q
cells are organized in
A
larger lymphoid organs spleen, thymus, bone marrow, etc.
12
Q
serve as sites where lymphocytes proliferate, differentiate, and mature.
A
Lymphatic tissues
13
Q
location where B and T cells acquire their characteristics and functions
A
Bone Marrow
14
Q
lymphocytes are “educated” to recognize and destroy specific antigens in these organs
A
In the thymus, bone marrow, and gut associated lymphatic tissue (GALT),
15
Q
something that is foreign to the body
A
Antigens
16
Q
is a molecule recognized by cells of the immune system that may elicit a response from these cells may consist of soluble molecules or molecules belonging to whole cells
A
Antigen
17
Q
small molecular domains of antigen to which cells of immune system recognize and react to
A
Antigenic Determinants or Epitopes
18
Q
are the one that is more immunogenic (greater ability to elicit immune response)
A
protein epitopes
19
Q
Epitope can be a
A
polysaccharide of bacterial walls, lipid or proteins
20
Q
Two lines of immune defenses against foreign invaders and transformed cells:
A
Nonspecific (Innate) Immunity
Specific (Adaptive) Immunity
21
Q
under Specific (Adaptive) Immunity
A
Humoral Adaptive Immunity
Cell-mediated Adaptive Immunity
22
Q
under Nonspecific (Innate) Immunity
A
Complement system: neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, NK cells
23
Q
Faster, Less specific, Short term immunity
A
Nonspecific (Innate) Immunity
24
Q
Slower, More specific, Long term Immunity
A
Specific (Adaptive) Immunity
25
cells under Specific (Adaptive) Immunity
B and T cells
26
Humoral Adaptive Immunity what cell is in charge
Antibodies
27
two types of Humoral Adaptive Immunity
Natural or artificial
28
Active: You acquire it from getting infected (form in the body)
Passive: Antibodies passed from mother to baby
Natural Humoral Adaptive Immunity
29
Active: Antibodies are not from in the body of the host (vaccines)
Passive: Introduction of antibody (Anti-rabies)
Artificial
30
Cell-mediated Adaptive Immunity immune cells
B and T cells
31
Preexisting nonspecific defenses constitute the
innate immune response
32
It represents the first line of defense against microbial aggression.
innate immune response
33
innate immune response consists of
physical barriers (skin)
chemical defenses
various secretory substances that neutralize foreign cells (saliva, tears)
phagocytic cells and NK cells
34
It is the second line of defense that target specific invaders when nonspecific defenses fail
Specific or Adaptive Immunity
35
The initial contact with a specific antigen or foreign agent initiates a chain of reactions that involve ___________ of the immune system and frequently leads to a state of immune “memory.
effector cells
36
When you developed an infection, your body naturally make antibodies against this. So, in the next time you introduced with the same antigen, your immune system response is quick because you already developed the antibody against this.
immune “memory
37
Cells of the immune system include
lymphocytes and various supporting cells
monocytes
macrophages
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
reticular cells
dendritic cells
follicular dendritic cells
Langerhans’ cells
and epithelioreticular cells
38
provide the environment for many immune reactions to occur by secreting specific substances that regulate growth, migration, and the activation of effector and supporting cells
specialized epithelial and stromal cells
39
Different types of cells in lymphatic tissue are identified by specific ____________ on their surface
cluster of differentiation (CD) markers
40
designated by numbers that relates to antigens
expressed at different stages of their differentiation
can be visualized by immunohistochemical methods
useful in identifying specific subtypes of lymphatic or hematopoietic cells
expressed throughout the cell’s entire life or during one phase of differentiation or during cell activation
cluster of differentiation (CD) markers
41
are important for us to know what specific cells is doing the function
* differentiation (CD) markers
42
Two lymphocytes population
Short-lived, immature cells or activated cells destined for a specific tissue
Circulating Lymphocytes
43
Lymphocytes that are already in connective tissue that underlies the lining epithelium of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urogenital tracts as well as into the intercellular spaces of these epithelia
Short-lived, immature cells or activated cells destined for a specific tissue
44
are the chief cellular constituents of lymphatic tissue; flows through your lymphatic fluid represented mainly by long-lived, mature lymphocytes (mainly T cells) that have developed the capacity to recognize and respond to foreign antigens
Circulating Lymphocytes
45
are named for the Thymus; where they differentiate and acquire their characteristics Involved in cell-mediated immunity
Account for 60% to 80% of circulating lymphocytes
T cells
46
T cells markers:
CD2, CD3, CD5, and CD7 markers and T-cell receptors (TCRs)
47
Subclassified according to the presence of CD4 or CD8 markers:
Helper T Lymphocytes (TH1 and TH2 cells)
Cytotoxic CD8 T Lymphocytes (CTLs)
Regulatory (suppressor) T Lymphocytes
Gamma/Delta T Lymphocytes
48
CD4 positive:
CD8 positive:
CTL:
IL:
CD4 positive: T helper cells (help other cells)
CD8 positive: Cytotoxic T cells
CTL: Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
IL: Interleukin
49
synthesize IL-2, TNF, IFN-y interact with CTLs, NK cells, and macrophages in cell-mediated immune responses and are essential for controlling intracellular pathogens
TH1 cells
50
T Helper Lymphocytes
TH1 and TH2
51
synthesize IL-4, IL-5, IL- 10, and IL-13 interact with B lymphocytes and are essential for initiating antibody-mediated immune responses (humoral) that control extracellular pathogens
TH2 cells
52
when they mature and proliferate becomes Plasma cells
B lymphocytes
53
are antibody producing cells.
Plasma cells
54
explain why TH2 have the role in initiating humoral immune response.
B lymphocytes, when they mature and proliferate becomes Plasma cells. Plasma cells are antibody producing cells.
55
T LYMPHOCYTES
T Helper Lymphocytes
T Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
T Suppressor Lymphocytes
Gamma/Delta T Lymphocytes
56
They kill other target cells such as virus-infected cells, cancer-transformed cells, infected cells, and transplanted cells
T Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
57
Functionally suppress an immune response to foreign and self-antigen by influencing the activity of other cells
Regulate immune system function
T Suppressor Lymphocytes
58
regulatory cells that can diminish the ability of T lymphocytes to initiate immune responses
T lymphocyte with CD4 CD25 FOXP3
59
is able to suppress T-cell activation
T lymphocyte with CD8, CD45RO markers
60
Other examples of T suppressor lymphocytes
may suppress B-cell differentiation and regulate erythroid cell maturation
61
Small population of T cells that possess a distinct T cell receptor made of one gamma-chain and one delta-chain
Gamma/Delta T Lymphocytes
62
Lymphocytes who function as the first line of defense against invading organisms
Gamma/Delta T Lymphocytes
63
Account for 20% to 30% of the circulating lymphocytes involved in the production and secretion of the various circulating antibodies
B LYMPHOCYTES
64
B LYMPHOCYTES express membrane-bound forms of immunoglobulin called_______________ that serve as the antigenspecific binding site: IgM and IgD
B-cell receptors (BCRs)
65
CD markers of B lymphocytes
CD9, CD19, and CD20
66
Basic structure of antibody parts
Variable Region
Constant region
Ag-Binding site
Amino Terminus
carboxy Terminus
Light chain
Heavy chain
Fab fragment
Fc fragment
complement binding region of IgG, IgM
hinge area
Sulfide Bonds
67
cleave antibody into two; producing 1 FC and 1 Fab fragment
Enzyme Pepsin
68
cleave antibody into three; producing 1 FC and 2 Fab fragments
Enzyme Papain
69
CLASSES OF ANTIBODY
IgGamma
IgM Omega?
Ig Alpha
Ig Delta
Ig Epsilon
70
is the most abundant class representing 75-80% of serum immunoglobulins.
Iis the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placental barrier
Antibody that activates phagocytosis
. Ig G
71
constitutes about 10% of blood immunoglobulins biggest of all
usually exists as a pentamer together with IgD,
it is the major immunoglobulin found on the surface of B lymphocytes
very effective in activating the complement system
has free and bound form
Ig M
72
First antibody produce in your initial immune response
Ig M
73
usually exists as a monomer - has a great affinity for receptors present on the surfaces of mast cells and basophils: It also participates in allergic reaction
Involved in destroying parasitic worms in the body
Ig E
74
Ig A can be a ________ called______
dimer or trimer
secretory IgA
75
composed of 2-3 molecules of monomeric IgA
J protein
Secretory component: joined the two monomers
secretory IgA
76
It is monomeric and is even less abundant than IgE, constituting only 0.001% of the immunoglobulin in plasma.
Antibody found also in the surface of B lymphocytes
Ig D
77
ACTIONS OF ANTIBODIES
Agglutination
Opsonization by Complement
Opsonization by Antibody
Neutralization
Cytotoxicity
Activation of the Complement Cascade
78
Antibodies bind with antigen; they form a lattice. The formation of this soluble complexes renders the antigen/ pathogen capable in adhering to the host cells in order avoid its adhesion to surfaces of host cells.
Agglutination
79
The complement coat the invading microorganism (green), making it easier for the cell (macrophage) to the engulf the material through the binding of complement with the receptor found in the cell surface.
Opsonization by Complement
80
Antibody coating the microorganism will bind in the FC receptor located in the cells surface
Opsonization by Antibody
81
Antibodies binding in the bacteria; rendering the bacteria toxins inactive
Neutralization
82
Similar to no. 3 and 4 mechanism. Antibodies coat the pathogen, then it will bind to cell Fc receptor. Then the cell will liberate its toxic molecule, causing the pathogen to die (lysis).
Cytotoxicity
83
When the complement cascade is activated, this will lead to cell lysis.
Activation of the Complement Cascade
84
constitute about 5% to 10% of circulating lymphocytes
develop from the same precursor cell as B and T cells, are named for their ability to kill certain types of target cells
Target cells are the transformed cells: cancer cells, transplanted cells, virally infected cells
NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS
85
genetically programmed to recognize transformed cells
release perforins and granzymes (fragmentins) which induces them to self-destruct
NK cells
86
Specific markers NK cells
CD16a, CD56, and CD94
87
LYMPHOCYTES DEVELOPMENT & DIFFERENTIATION Two Types of Lymphocyte differentiation
Antigen-independent proliferation and differentiation
Antigen-dependent proliferation and differentiation
88
Occur in the primary lymphatic organs, lymphocytes are genetically programmed to recognize a single antigen
Primary lymphatic organs: bone marrow and thymus
Antigen-independent proliferation and differentiation
89
Within the secondary lymphatic organs, T and B lymphocytes undergo activation (to elicit immune response) into effector lymphocytes and memory cells
Secondary lymphatic organs: lymphatics organs except bone marrow and thymus
Antigen-dependent proliferation and differentiation
90
IMMUNE RESPONSES TO ANTIGENS
Nonspecific defense
Specific immune responses
Helper T and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
MHC I and MHC II molecule
91
known as the inflammatory response Innate immunity E.g. Acute inflammatory responses; phagocyt
Nonspecific defense
92
initiated by only one or a few B lymphocytes that have been genetically programmed to respond to that specific antigen, after, a few antigen-specific B cells remain in circulation as memory cells
Specific - PRIMARY Immune Response
93
is usually more rapid and more intense, characterized by higher levels of secreted antibodies, because of the presence of specific memory B lymphocytes. The 2nd time you are exposed to the same antigen, there is a Rapid immune response.
Specific - SECONDARY Immune Response
94
There is Two Types of specific immune responses
humoral and cell-mediated responses
95
Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity is mediated by
antibodies that act directly on an invading agent (plasma cells)
96
Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by
specific T lymphocytes that attack and destroy virus infected host cells or foreign cell
97
recognize and bind to antigens that are bound to MHC molecules
Helper T and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
98
(T Helper cells) can only recognize an antigen when it is “presented” to them by
AntigenPresenting Cells (APCs) (e.g. Macrophage)
99
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes can only recognize
antigen on other body cells such as those transformed by cancer or infected with a virus
100
MHC I and MHC II molecules are products of a ______________________ (the gene that called for the production of MHC molecules
"supergene” located on chromosome 6 in humans known as the Major Histocompatibility Gene Complex
101
MHCs display
peptides on the surface of cells Peptide meaning Antigen
102
act as a target to allow the elimination of abnormal host by displaying on their surface short fragments of all peptides that are actively synthesized by the cell present peptides fragments to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8 cells)
MHC I molecules
103
are limited in its distribution expressed on the surface of all APCs and is critical in immune interactions
present partially digested, endocytosed foreign peptides to helper T lymphocytes
Bind antigens that are being recognize by T helper lymphocytes
MHC II molecules
104
After the T helper Lymphocyte have already recognize the Antigen being presented by Antigen Presenting cells (with the antibody binded to MCH II), there will be an activation of
Humoral Immune Response
105
*The activation of T helper Lymphocytes will lead the activation of B lymphocytes, eventually leading to the formation of
antibodies.
106
Antigen presenting cells also have
MCH I molecules
107
Activation of T cells requires the presence of
costimulatory signals
108
First Signal- of the activation of T cells
- interaction of the TCR and the CD4 or CD8 molecules with the antigen–MHC complex
109
Costimulatory Signal of the activation of T cells
interaction of membrane molecules on T cells and molecules on the APC
110
s are soluble polypeptide substances involved in immune defense mechanisms by affecting the function of immune system effector cells (T and B cells), monocytes, macrophages, and other APCs
Cytokines
111
cytokines can act locally on the same cell that secreted them ___________ or on neighboring cells ______________
autocrine control
paracrine control)
112
are synthesized mainly by helper CD4 T lymphocytes and to a lesser extent by monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells Promote growth and differentiation of T cells, B cells, and hematopoietic cells
INTERLEUKINS
113
Interleukins are examples of
Cytokines
114
interact with helper CD4 T lymphocytes to facilitate immune responses Through the MHC II molecules
ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS
115
Examples ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS
macrophages, perisinusoidal macrophages (Kupffer cells) of the liver, Langerhans’ cells in the epidermis, dendritic cells of spleen and lymph nodes
B lymphocytes and type I and type II epithelioreticular cells of the thymus
116
suppress the immune responses of other lymphocytes o originate in the thymus and account for about 5% of the total population of T cells o secrete cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF a potent suppressor of proliferation of specific classes of T and B effector cells
CD4 CD25 FOXP3 suppressor T lymphocytes
117
T lymphocytes can be memory cells only if they interacted to the
T helper Cells
118
If the antigen is a bacterium, the antigen– antibody complex may also activate a system of plasma proteins called the
Complement System.
