Lymphatic System

Question 1

The lymphatic system

Answer 1

Two semi-independent parts

A network of lymphatic vessels; lymphoid tissue and organs scattered throughout the body
Houses phagocytes and lymphocyte essential for body’s defense

Question 2

The lymphatic system’s job

Answer 2

Return interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood

Question 3

What is Lymph?

Answer 3

Interstitial fluid once it has entered lymphatic vessels

Question 4

What is the order in which lymph travels?

Answer 4

A one-way system, lymph flows towards the heart

lymphatic collecting vessels with valves -> lymph nodes -> lymph trunks -> lymph ducts.

Question 5

How lymph vessels similar to capillaries?

Answer 5

Very permeable
loosely joined endothelial minivalves
withstand interstitial pressure and remain open

Minivalves function as one way gates

Question 6

During inflammation lymph vessels open and absorb

Answer 6

Cell debris
pathogens
cancer cells

Question 7

Lacteals

Answer 7

Specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa

Lymph from digestive viscera has a milky color

Question 8

Lacteals Function

Answer 8

Absorbs digested fat and deliver this chyle (juice) to the blood

Question 9

Lymphangitis

Answer 9

When vessels are inflamed the vasa vasorum becomes congested with blood and red streaks; can be seen under the skin

Question 10

Right lymphatic duct

Answer 10

Drains the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax

Question 11

Thoracic duct

Answer 11

Arises from the cisterna chyli and intestinal trunk and drains the rest of the body

Question 12

Cisterna chyli

Answer 12

Collect lymph from the two lumbar trunks that drain the lower limbs

Question 13

Intestinal trunk

Answer 13

Collect lymph from digestive organs

Question 14

Lymphatic trunks

Answer 14

Are formed by the union of the largest collecting vessels
major trunks include:
Paired lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian and jugular trunks

a single intestinal trunk

Question 15

How is lymph transported?

Answer 15

Same method As veins,
 milking action of skeletal muscles 
pressure changes in thorax
 pulsations of nearby arteries
 contractions of smooth muscle in the wall of the lymphatics

Question 16

How much lymph is transported each day?

Answer 16

Approximately 3 L of lymph enters the bloodstream every 24 hours

Question 17

Antigen

Answer 17

Anything the body perceives as foreign
bacteria and toxins; viruses
mismatches RBCs or cancer cells

Question 18

T-Cell

Answer 18

T = thymus
manages the immune response
Attacks and destroys foreign cells
( helper and cytotoxic)

Question 19

B cell

Answer 19

Produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies

antibodies immobilize antigens until they can be destroyed

Question 20

Macrophages

Answer 20

Phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

Question 21

Dendritic cells

Answer 21

Spiny-looking cells with functions similar to macrophages

Question 22

Reticular cells

Answer 22

Fibroblast-like cells that produce a stroma or network, that supports other cell types in lymphoid organs

Question 23

Lymph nodes

Answer 23

Principal lymphoid organ of the body
Embedded in connective tissue and clustered along lymphatic vessels
Aggregations of these nodes occur near the body surface inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions of the body

Question 24

Lymph nodes two basic functions

Answer 24

Filtration

immune system activation

Question 25

Filtration

Answer 25

Lymph is filtered, Then macrophages destroy any microorganisms and debris

Question 26

Immune system activation

Answer 26

Lymphocytes in the nodes monitor for antigens and mount an attack against them

Question 27

Nodes have what two distinct regions

Answer 27

A cortex and a medulla

Question 28

Why are there more afferent than efferent vessels

Answer 28

It gives lymphocyte and Macrophages in the efferent vessels time to carry out protective functions

Question 29

Bubonic plague

Answer 29

"black death" lymph nodes overwhelmed by bacteria, large amounts of bacteria are trapped in the nodes, become swollen, inflamed, painful, infected nodes are called buboes

Question 30

Spleen

Answer 30

Largest lymphoid organ, located on the left side of the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm It is served by the splenic artery and vein which enter and exit at the hilus

Question 31

Spleen function

Answer 31

``` Site of lymphocyte proliferation Immune surveillance and response cleanses the blood stores breakdown products of RBCs for later reuse Stores blood platelets Site of fetal erythrocyte production ```

Question 32

Spleen white pulp

Answer 32

Containing mostly lymphocyte suspended on reticular fibers and involved in immune functions

Question 33

Spleen red pulp

Answer 33

Remaining splenic tissues concerned with disposing of worn-out RBCs and blood-borne pathogen

Question 34

Thymus gland

Answer 34

A bilobed organ That secretes hormones that cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent (Train T lymphocytes) responsible for lymphocyte maturation Size varies with age Does not directly fight antigen

Question 35

Tonsils

Answer 35

Simplest lymphoid organ | Palatine, lingual, Pharyngeal, tubal

Question 36

Tonsil crypt

Answer 36

Traps and destroys bacteria and particulate matter

Question 37

Peyers patch

Answer 37

Isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue similar to tonsils destroy bacteria preventing them from breaching the intestinal wall Generate memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity

Question 38

MALT mucosa associated Lymphatic tissue

Answer 38

Peyers Patch, tonsils and the appendix Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi protect the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter

Question 39

Lymphoma

Answer 39

Any neoplasm (tumor) of the lymphoid tissue

Question 40

Hodgkin's disease

Answer 40

Malignancy of lymphoid tissue with swollen, nonpainful nodes, fatigue, intermittent fever. characterized by giant malignantly transformed B cells

Question 41

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Answer 41

All cancers of lymphoid tissue except Hodgkin's disease

Question 42

Mononucleosis

Answer 42

Viral disease common in young people. Epstein-Barr virus attacks the B cells. T cells attack the virus-laden B cells. characterize by large numbers of enlarged T cells in the blood. these were mistaken for monocytes thus the erroneous name "the kissing disease"

Question 43

Elephantiasis

Answer 43

Lymphatics become clogged with parasitic roundworms, swelling from edema