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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the Lymphatic system

A

consist of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs

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2
Q

Describe lymphatic capillaries

A

absorb fats and transport them to the blood stream

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3
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system

A

help with immunity to defend body against disease

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4
Q

Which way does lymph flow

A

one way from lymphatic capillary system to subclavian vein, join venous circulation to go back to heart

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5
Q

Does all fluid return to the heart via cardiovascular system

A

most, not all leftover, go into lymphatic capillary flow to lymphatic vessel

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6
Q

What is the function of lymphatic capillaries

A

take plasma fluid that has not been reabsorbed by circulatory system
fluid bathes cells assisting capillaries in delivering glucose, O2, salts, amino acids and other nutrient

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7
Q

What is the excess fluid entering lymphatic capillaries called

A

lymph

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8
Q

Where does lymph flow

A

from lymphatic capillaries into larger lymphatic vessels until eventually empty into venous blood

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9
Q

Describe lymphatic vessels

A

extend throughout the body
have one way valve: structure similar to veins
return lymph dependent on squeezing action of skeletal muscles

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10
Q

Where do all lymphatic vessels merge before enter venous circulation

A

thoracic duct-> Left/Right Lymphatic Duct

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11
Q

Where does the L+R lymphatic drain

A

Left lymphatic duct goes to L subclavian Vein

Right lymphatic duct goes to R subclavian Vein

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12
Q

Where does larger duct drain fluid from

A

both lower extremities, abdomen, L arm, L side Head and neck

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13
Q

Where does R thoracic duct drain from

A

is smaller and drain from R arm, R side of head and neck and R thoracic area

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14
Q

Which organs are considered lymphoid

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils

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15
Q

what is a lymph node encapsulated in

A

encapsulated in fibrous connective tissue with many incoming and few outgoing lymph vessels

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16
Q

What are afferent vessels

A

incoming vessels flows through network of sinuses contain cells

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17
Q

What are the efferent vessels

A

allow lymph to flow out of lymph node

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18
Q

How is the interior of lymph node divided

A

nodules

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19
Q

What do nodes contain

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

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20
Q

what is function of lymph node

A

filter center, rid flowing lymph of infection organism and other debris as it passes through sinuses( cortical, orbital, medullary)

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21
Q

Where do lymph nodes tend to be grouped

A

together in regions of the body: groin, axilla

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22
Q

Where is spleen located

A

upper left abdomen

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23
Q

What is spleen function

A

extract old/defect blood cells and platelets

remove debris, foreign matter, bacteria, viruses, toxins

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24
Q

What is spleen encapsulated

A

thin fibrous connective tissue with incoming splenic artery and outgoing splenic vein

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25
How is interior spleen divided
lobules, open spaces, contain lymphocytes and macrophage carry out function of spleen
26
How does blood enter and leave spleen
enter splenic artery, leave splenic vein flows to Hepatic Portal vein
27
Where does hepatic portal system drain to and from what
carries blood drained from vein of spleen, intestine, stomach and pancreas to liver liver take blood and detoxifies before return to general circulation
28
Where is Thymus gland located
anterior surface of heart
29
what does Thymus secrete
thymosin and thymopoietin hormones | enable T lymphocytes( T cell) to mature and function as part of immunity
30
How do T cells aid in immune defense
attack body cells which are cancerous or infected with pathogens
31
What is noted about thymus as human grow
prominent in newborn: larger during childhood | growth of thymus stop in teen years and whither away by old age
32
What are the tonsils( palatine tonsils)
group small lymphoid organ in lateral posterior portion of throat
33
How do the tonsils function
gather and destroy bacteria inhaled in air or food
34
What are the channels in tonsils called
crypt:
35
What is the function of crypts
to trap bacteria and foreign matter | bacteria then go into lymphoid tissue where destroyed
36
What is the function of the immune system
ID foreign, invading particles and eliminate them
37
What is a non-specific immune system
innate immune system serves as first line defense through physical and chemical barriers to prevent pathogen entering the body acts the same to all threats, rapidly destroy large # of pathogens
38
What is specific immune system
takes several days to activate extremely effective against pathogens main lymphocytes: T and B cells
39
The skin is a part of which immune response system
non- specific | very few pathogens penetrate the skin
40
What is normal flora
good bacteria growth in environment from tear and sweat | produce lactic acid inhibit pathogenic bacteria
41
Define inflammatory response
localized response in the tissue
42
What are the 3 parts of the inflammatory response process
1. inflammation increase blood flow to infection region 2. tissue swelling dilates vessel in affected area to help increase # of immune cell response to infection 3. Increased blood cause redness and pain: brings awareness
43
What are cytokines
secreted proteins | regulate and signal both specific and non-specific immune system
44
What are the 2 main groups of cytokines
interferon: inhibit viral replication, assist natural killer cell interleukin: chemical activator, sends signal throughout body to increase immune response
45
What does pyrogen do
reset body thermostat in hypothalamus | is a subtype of interleukin
46
What is a fever
raise body temp set point | help body fight infection, interfere with
47
What is the function of a fever
help body fight infection, interfere with growth and replication of pathogen cause lysosome to break down lysosome release enzyme that lyse cell infected by virus promote activity of wbc when in short duration assist recovery
48
How are WBC divided
granulocyte: have granules in cytoplasm Agranulocyte: don't have granules in cytoplasm
49
What are included as granulocyte
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
50
Describe a neutrophil
most abundant WBC responsible for fighting infect that involve bacteria use phagocytosis to invest foreign material has a short life, die quickly after pathogen eaten after death exit body as pus multi-lobed nucleus: when stained is light pink
51
What is phagocytosis process
cell recognize pathogen by cell surface receptor neutrophil bind to pathogen, bring into cell, form vacuole vacuole fuses with cell lysosomes, released digestive enzymes to destroy pathogen once pathogen destroyed, contents released from cell
52
Describe Eosinophil structure and function
respond to allergic reaction and parasitic infection | similar in appearance to nuetrophil except granules stain dark pink to red
53
Describe Basophil structure and function
rarest form of granulocyte | involved with release histamine and heparin same shape of neutrophil and eosinophil: granules stain dark blue/purple
54
What is histamine
vasodilator: increase blood flow through dilation vessels and capillaries
55
What is heparin
blood anticoagulation: help prevent formation of blood clots
56
What are the 2 types of agranulocytes
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
57
Describe monocytes
Lg WBC: "U" shaped nucleus | move into tissue to become macrophage
58
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes
T-cell, B-cell, Natural Killer cell | specific immune response depends on activity of lymphocytes
59
What are the functions of lymphocytes
make antibodies, attack foreign cells, destroy body cells that have lost normal function
60
What is the structure of lymphocytes
large dark nucleus w/little cytoplasm
61
Where are B-cells produced
Millions produced in bone marrow
62
What is the function and structure of B-cells
genetically program produce glycoprotein receptor as part of cell coat each receptor bind with antigen becomes active when antigen binds with specific receptor
63
What is an antigen
molecule specifically recognized as foreign by immune system
64
what is B-cell called when activated
plasma cell
65
What is function of plasma cell
``` produce antibodies( immunoglobulins) soluble form of glycoprotein from B-cell surface ```
66
What are the 5 categories of immunobloulins
IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA
67
What do some activated B-cell become
memory B cell
68
What is function of memory B cell
continue to produce small amount of antibody even after infection allows product of antibody faster if some pathogen comes again
69
What is an antibody
mediated immunity- defend body against pathogen through secretion of antibodies bind to pathogen, mark for phagocytosis and make it unable to do more damage
70
What are T-cells
thymus-dependent: originate in bone marrow and mature in thymus gland
71
what is function of T-cells
work through cell-mediated immunity: locally releases content: cytokines or enzyme to kill pathogen
72
What is a killer T cell
cytotoxic: recognize and destroy cell contains foreign antigen attack virus infected cell or cancer cell by release cytotoxin and lyses cell
73
What is a helper T-cell
secrete substance activates immune response | B-cell require interact with T cell before rapid division
74
What are Natural killer cells
originate in bone marrow seek out abnormal body cells and destroy them highly effective against tumor cells
75
What is a graft rejection
rejection of transplanted organ by organ donor | tissue donated usually originate in other body
76
What is MHC
major histocompatibility complex glycoprotein surface receptors on all cells of body enable immune system to determine what cells are body and what are foreign
77
What is the process of graft rejection
MHC on surface of graft is recognized as foreign pathogen to help host accept graft, immunosuppressant drugs are used to suppress immune system: makes patient more susceptible to infection due to lower immune
78
What is an autoimmune disease
lymphocyte attack own body: antibodies and T-cells
79
What is RA
rheumatoid arthritis T cells attack synovial lining inside joints T cell produce interleukin cause inflammation inside joint systemically
80
What is MS
Multiple sclerosis | antibodies attack/prevent formation myelin sheath around nerve cells produces muscular weakness
81
what are allergies
antibodies produced against mild antigen( allergen) common: environmental Sx: red/watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose, headache
82
What is anaphylaxis
excessive immune response severe life threatening reaction against pathogen, insect bug bite antibody overproduced by B-cell- capillary permeability cause reaction in minutes
83
What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis
swelling/hives, narrow respiratory pathway, severe: lowered BP could lead to anaphylaxis shock which could be fatal due to severely dilated capillaries causing heart to stop or airway to close
84
What is an Epi-pen
pen that injects epinephrine into thigh at beginning of anaphylaxis; epinephrine offsets symptoms
85
What is edema
accumulation of fluid
86
What is lymphedema
lymph vessel can become blocked or have difficulty with lymph drainage fluid slowly accumulate become swollen and distended serious if not treat as vulnerable to infection, connective tissue could be permanent stretch or distention
87
What is tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils | become infected and appear white and swollen from a viral/bacterial infection

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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