Lymphatic system and immunity pt2 Flashcards by Denica Shealtiel Enage

4 types of adaptive immunity

Antigen
Immunology
Immune System
Self-tolerance

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any foreign substance that the immune system recognizes as foreign

Antigen

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Branch of science that deals with the responses of the body to antigens

Immunology

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Immune system

Cells and tissues that carry out immune responses

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refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses. involves lymphocytes (T and B)

Adaptive (specific immunity)

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Where does the b and t cells develop

primary lymphatic organs: bone marrow and the thymus (they complete their development in the red bone marrow)

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where does t cell develop from?

pre-T cells

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cite of maturation for t cells

thymus gland

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Where does the b cell mature?

red bone marrow

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what does the t and b cell develop before leaving the cite of maturation

immunocompetence

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2 major types of mature t cells

Helper T cells (CD4 T Cells)

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T Cells)

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TYPES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Cell-mediated immunity
antibody mediated immunity

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Cell mediated immunity

cytotoxic t cells attack antigens
cells attacking cells
Effective against
Intracellular pathogens (viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are inside cells);
some cancer cells;
foreign tissue transplants

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Antibody mediated immunity

b cells to plasma cells that synthesizes antibodies

humoral immunity (antibodies that bind to antigens in humors or fluids)

Effective against — extracellular pathogens, which inclue any viruses, bacteria, or fungi that are in body fluid outside cells.

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process by which a lymphocyte proliferates and differentiates in response to a specific antigen

Clonal selection

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Result of clonal selection

formation of a population of identical cells, called clone, that can recognize the same specific antigen as the original lymphocyte.

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2 major types of cells in the clone of cells

effector and memory cells

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types of effector cells

active helper T cells (part of a helper T cell clone)

active cytotoxic T cells part of a cytotoxic T cell clone)

plasma cells (part of a B cell clone)

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destruction or inactivation of the antigen; eventually die after the immune response has been completed

effector cells

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do not actively participate in the initial immune response;

Memory cells

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other characteristics of the memory cells

does not die at the end of immune response (long life spans)

responds to antigen by proliferating and differentiating into more effector and memory cells

second response is faster

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Memory cells include:

memory helper T cells (part of a helper T cell clone)
memory cytotoxic T cells (part of a cytotoxic T cell clone)
memory B cell (part of a B cell clone)

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causes the body to produce specific antibodies and/or specific T cells that react with it.

Antigen

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The variable regions of an antibody where the antigen can bind to it

antigen binding sites

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the ability to provoke an immune response by stimulating the production of specific antibodies, the proliferation of specific T cells, or both.

Immunogenicity

the ability of the antigen to react specifically with the antibodies or cells it provoked.

Reactivity

2 important characteristics of antigens

reactivity and immunogenicity

where is the term antigen derived?

its function as an antibody generator

what are complete antigens

substances that have reactivity; substances with both immunogenicity and reactivity are considered complete antigens.

certain small parts of a large antigen molecule act as the triggers for immune responses

epitopes

3 routes antigens may take when they get past the innate defenses to go to the lympathic tissue

blood stream (injuries) to go to the spleen penetrate the skin and enter the lympathic vessels and lodge in the lymph nodes Penetrate mucous membranses are entrapped by muscosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

Helps T cells recognize that an antigen is foreign, not self, unique to a person, also known as "self-antigens"

Majo Histocompatibility complex

two types of major histocompatibility complex

Class I MHC (MHC-I) Class II MHC (MHC-II)

Antibodies, immunoglobulins

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE

first immunoglobin to migrate

IgM

majority of immunoglobulin

IgG

Breastmilk, sweat, tears, saliva and gastrointestinal secretion

IgA

Allergic reaction

IgE

recognize antigen in lymph, interstitial fluid or blood plasma

B Cells

can only recognize fragments of antigen if presented a certain way

T cells

antigenic proteins are broken down into fragments and then combine with MHC molecules

Antigen processing

the antigen–MHC complex is inserted into the plasma membrane of a body cell

Antigen presentation

where does ingestion occur

almost anywhere in the body that invaders such as microbes have penetrated the nonspecific defenses

how des antigen-presenting cells ingest antigens

phagocytosis

How is antigen digested into fragments

Within the APC, protein- digesting enzymes split large antigens into short peptide fragments.

How are MHC Molecules synthesized

APC synthesizes MHC molecules and packages them into vesicles.

APC

Antigen presenting cells

steps in processing and presenting of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell

1. Ingestion of the antigen 2. Digestion of antigen into fragments 3. Synthesis of MHC molecules 4. Fusion of Vesicles 5. Binding of fragments to MHC Molecules 6. Insertion of antigen- MHC complexes into the plasma membrane

where does the APC migrate to present the antigen to T cells

lymphatic tissue

other term for foreign antigens that are presented in fluids outside body cells

exogenous antigens

Result of costimulation by interleukin2

Active helper T Cells - help other cells of the adaptive immune system combat intruders; releases IL-2 Memory T Cells- can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active helper T cells and more memory helper T cells

What happens when a helper T cell is activated

forms a clone of active helper T cells and memory helper T cells

What CD8 T Cells develop into

Cytotoxic T cells

2 types of cytotoxic t cells

Active and Memory cytotoxic T cells

Active Cytotoxic T cells

attack other body cells that have been infected with the antigen

Memory cytotoxic T cells

can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more active cytotoxic T cells and more memory cytotoxic T cells if the same antigen enters the body at a future time

2 mechanisms of elimination of invaders

Recognize and bind specific target cells and release granzymes (protein-digesting enzymes that trigger apoptosis) → destruction of cell à phagocytosis Bind to infected cells and release perforin (cytolysis) and granulysin (holes in plasma membrane); lymphotoxin → enzymes released which fragment cell DNA; gamma- interferon à attracts and activates phagocytic cells, and macrophage migration inhibition

Types of B Cells

effector cells Memory B cells

Plasma cells they secrete specific antibodies, which in turn circulate in the lymph and blood to reach the site of invasion

Effector cells

can quickly proliferate and differentiate into more plasma cells and more memory B cells should the same antigen reappear at a future time

Memory B Cells

are b cells larger than plasma?

Plasma cells are larger than B cells

Functions of antibodies

Neutralize antigen Immobilize bacteria Agglutinate antigen Activate complement Enhance phagocytosis

Processing and presentation of foreign antigens to T cells; secretion of interleukin-1, which stimulates secretion of interleukin-2 by helper T cells and induces proliferation of B cells; secretion of interferons that stimulate T cell growth

Macrophage

Processes and presents antigen to T cells and B cells; found in mucous membranes, skin, lymph nodes.

Dendritic cell

Processes and presents antigen to helper T cells

B cell

Kills host target cells by releasing granzymes that induce apoptosis, perforin that forms channels to cause cytolysis, granulysin that destroys microbes, lymphotoxin that destroys target cell DNA, gamma-interferon that attracts macrophages and increases their phagocytic activity, and macrophage migration inhibition factor that prevents macrophage migration from site of infection.

Cytotoxic T cell

Cooperates with B cells to amplify antibody production by plasma cells and secretes interleukin-2, which stimulates proliferation of T cells and B cells. May secrete gamma-IFN and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which stimulate inflammatory response

Helper T cell

Remains in lymphatic tissue and recognizes original invading antigens, even years after first encounter

Memory T cell

Differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cell.

B cell

Descendant of B cell that produces and secretes antibodies.

Plasma cell

Descendant of B cell that remains after immune response and is ready to respond rapidly and forcefully should the same antigen enter body in future.

Memory B cell

Lymphatic system and immunity pt2 Flashcards

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