Lymphatic System Disorders

Question 1

Lymphatic System Functions

Answer 1

1)Return of excess interstitial fluid to the cardiovascular system
2)Filter and destroy foreign material by Initiating the immune response
3)Absorb lipids from the GI tract

Question 2

Where do lymphatic vessels empty into?

Answer 2

Vessels empty into the subclavian veins.

Question 3

Lymphatic vessels originate as?

Answer 3

Capillaries in contact with blood capillary bed in tissues

Question 4

Lymph is collected by?

Answer 4

Lymphatic trunks

Question 5

Lymphatic Trunks empty into?

Answer 5

Ducts

Question 6

Lymphatic Ducts empty into?

Answer 6

Subclavian veins

Question 7

Lymph Description & Characteristics

Answer 7

Clear, watery, isotonic fluid
Circulates in lymphatic vessels
Resembles blood plasma, with a lower protein content
Returned to the cardiovascular system

Question 8

Lymphatic vessels are interrupted periodically by

Answer 8

lymph nodes, which collect excess debris, foreign material, and pathogenic material

Question 9

The right lymphatic duct Drains into

Answer 9

right subclavian vein

Question 10

Thoracic duct Drains into

Answer 10

left subclavian vein

Question 11

What are lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 11

These tiny, thin-walled vessels are part of the lymphatic system, which collects fluid from tissues and organs. They are blind-ended, meaning they are closed at one end, and are found in almost all body tissues.

Question 12

What do lymphatic capillaries do?

Answer 12

They collect and filter fluid, plasma proteins, bacteria, and other substances from the body’s cells and tissues. They also transport lipids absorbed from the intestinal tract and help the immune system by transporting antigens and leucocytes to lymphoid organs.

Question 13

Lymphomas

Answer 13

Malignant neoplasms involving lymphocyte proliferation in lymph nodes
Specific causes not identified
Two main disorders
Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Question 14

Lymphomas are at higher risk in adults who received?

Answer 14

radiation during childhood

Question 15

Hodgkin’s lymphomas vs Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 15

If a specific type of cell called a Reed-Sternberg cell is seen, the lymphoma is classified as Hodgkin’s. If the Reed-Sternberg cell is not present, the lymphoma is classified as non-Hodgkin’s. Many subtypes of lymphoma exist.

Question 16

A lymphoma distinguished by multiple node involvement

Answer 16

Both can involve multiple nodes.

Question 17

A lymphoma that is nonorganized, with widespread metastases

Answer 17

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Question 18

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Answer 18

Initially involves a single lymph node
The cancer spreads to adjacent nodes
To organs via lymphatics
T lymphocytes seem to be defective; lymphocyte count decreased
Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
Giant cells present in lymph node
Four subtypes
Based on cells found at the biopsy

Question 19

Symptoms Of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Answer 19

1)The first indicator—usually a painless enlarged lymph node
2)Later—splenomegaly and enlarged lymph nodes
3)General signs of cancer
Weight loss, anemia, low-grade fever, night sweats; fatigue may develop.

Question 20

Treatment Of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Answer 20

Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery

Question 21

Staging and prognosis of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma dependent on

Answer 21

1)Number of nodes involved
2)Location of nodes involved

Question 22

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Answer 22

increasing in incidence
Partially caused by HIV infection
Similar to Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Clinical signs and symptoms are similar.
More difficult to treat when tumors are not localized
Initial manifestation—enlarged, painless lymph node

Question 23

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 23

Inflammation or infection of lymph nodes
Infections caused by both bacteria and viruses
Cancer can cause severe inflammation of nodes

Question 24

Pathophysiology/Etiology Of Lymphadenopathy

Answer 24

Caused by another disease (eg. cold, AIDS, toxoplasmosis)
Typically manifested as swollen lymph nodes
Often self-limiting- resolves when underlying cause is resolved

Question 25

Multiple Myeloma

Answer 25

Neoplastic disease that involves increased production of plasma cells in bone marrow Sometimes also considered a circulatory/blood disorder Unknown cause Occurs in older adults Production of other blood cells is impaired Multiple tumors in bone Loss of bone Severe bone pain Prognosis poor, with short life expectancy

Question 26

Neoplastic disease

Answer 26

is a condition that causes abnormal tissue growth, also known as a neoplasm or tumor.

Question 27

Signs and Symptoms Of Multiple Myeloma

Answer 27

Onset usually insidious Malignancy well advanced before diagnosis Pain caused by bone involvement Anemia and bleeding tendency Impaired kidney function and eventual failure Chemotherapy to encourage remission Median survival, 3 years

Question 28

Lymphedema

Answer 28

Obstruction of lymphatic vessels Most common form is congenital Extremities swell because of lymph accumulation and the inability for the lymph to move through the vessels and get back to the venous system

Question 29

Treatment: Lymphedema

Answer 29

Diuretics Bed rest Massage of the affected area Elevation of the affected extremity

Question 30

Elephantiasis

Answer 30

Lymphedema Caused by blockage because of parasitic infection Significant swelling of the affected extremity Extreme swelling of legs, breasts, and/or genitalia Thickening of subcutaneous tissue Frequent infections Skin ulcerations Fever Treatment—medication regimen to kill the parasite

Question 31

Castleman’s Disease

Answer 31

Rare illness Involves overgrowth of lymphoid tissue Two types Unicentric form Affects a single lymph node Multicentric form Affects multiple lymph nodes and tissue—may have severe effects on the immune system Signs, symptoms, and treatment depend on the type of the disease

Question 32

The spleen has a number of important functions, which include: a. lymph production, hematopoiesis, platelet production. b. hematopoiesis, destruction of old erythrocytes, blood reservoir. c. defense from infection, metabolism of vitamins, and platelet production. d. lipid metabolism, production of hemoglobin, water absorption.

Answer 32

b. hematopoiesis, destruction of old erythrocytes, blood reservoir.

Question 33

The function of the hormones secreted by the thymus gland is to: a. break down old erythrocytes and recycle the hemoglobin. b. concentrate the lymph and filter out toxins. c. stimulate lymph production. d. enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells.

Answer 33

d. enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells.

Question 34

Malignant neoplasms involving lymphocyte proliferation in the lymph nodes are called: a. lymphomas b. myelomas c. lymphocytomas d. lymphedemas

Answer 34

a. lymphomas

Question 35

The atypical cell that serves as a marker for diagnosing Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the: a. monocyte. b. Ann Arbor cell c. Hodgkin’s lymphocyte d. Reed-Sternberg cell

Answer 35

d. Reed-Sternberg cell

Question 36

The staging system typically used in determining the stage of the Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the: a. Reed-Sternberg system. b. sequential staging system. c. Ann Arbor system. d. differential landmark system.

Answer 36

c. Ann Arbor system. The Ann Arbor staging system is a classification system used to describe the extent of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in adults

Question 37

One of the reasons non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are harder to treat than Hodgkin’s lymphomas is that they: a. tend to be much larger than Hodgkin’s lymphomas. b. involve multiple nodes and widespread metastases. c. are not affected by the newer drug treatments. d. are asymptomatic until they reach stage IV.

Answer 37

b. involve multiple nodes and widespread metastases

Question 38

Multiple myeloma is a neoplastic disease of unknown etiology occurring in older adults and involving: a. plasma cells. b. T cells. c. NK cells. d. monocytes

Answer 38

a. plasma cells.

Question 39

Elephantiasis, caused by the obstruction of lymphatic vessels by parasitic worms, is an example of the condition known as: a. plasma cell myeloma. b. diverticulitis. c. lymphedema. d. obstructive vessel disorder.

Answer 39

c. lymphedema.

Question 40

A rare illness that involves the overgrowth of lymphoid tissue, although not itself considered a cancer is: a. Castleman disease. b. hyperlymphatic disease. c. hypolymphatic disease. d. Ann Arbor disease.

Answer 40

a. Castleman disease.

Question 41

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are increasing in incidence, partly due to the numbers associated with: a. an increase in resistant microorganisms. b. an increase in adult obesity. c. an increase in high cholesterol levels. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas are increasing in incidence, partly due to the numbers associated with: a. an increase in resistant microorganisms. b. an increase in adult obesity. c. an increase in high cholesterol levels. d. an increase in HIV infections.

Answer 41

d. an increase in HIV infections.