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A & P 2 Lab > Lymphatic System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Lymphatic System (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

a system that works to defend the body against internal and external threats

A

immune system

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2
Q

a system that consists of a group of organs and tissues that works with the immune system and participates in a number of functions like fluid homeostasis

A

lymphatic system

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3
Q

the set of diverse processes that protect the body from both cellular injury and disease-causing cells and molecules known as pathogens

A

immunity

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4
Q

a system of blind-ended tubes

A

lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

clusters of lymphoid follicles such as the tonsils, as well as the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus

A

lymphatic tissue and lymphoid organs

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6
Q

what are the 3 basic functions carried out by its vessels and organs?

A
  • regulation of interstitial fluid volume
  • absorption of dietary fats
  • immune functions
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7
Q

fluid that exits the extracellular space and enters the lymphatic vessels

A

lymph

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8
Q

vessel that collects lymph and merge to form larger vessels called lymph trunks

A

lymph-collecting vessels

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9
Q

trunks that drain the lymph from body regions

A

lymph trunks

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10
Q

A large swollen looking vessel that the intestinal and lumbar trunks all drain into

A

Cisterns chyli

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11
Q

What are the two lymphatic ducts?

A

Thoracic duct

Lymphatic duct

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12
Q

A duct that the cisterna chyli and the trunks from the left side of the body drain into

A

Thoracic duct

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13
Q

A duct where the right upper side of the body drain into

A

Lymphatic duct

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14
Q

A type of capillary where lymphatic vessels begin and form weblike networks that surround blood capillary beds. A one way system (blind-ended) that moves lymph away from tissues

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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15
Q

A specialized lymphatic capillary that collects fat in the small intestine

A

Lacteals

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16
Q

The different cell types in lymphoid tissues and organs are:

A

Leukocytes
Dendritic cells
Reticular cells

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17
Q

Lymphoid tissue is also called

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)

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18
Q

Where is MALT found?

A 
Gastrointestinal tract 
Respiratory passages
Genitourinary tract (to a limited extent)
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19
Q

Specialized MALT consists of

A

Lymphoid follicles or lymph nodules

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20
Q

In the gastrointestinal tract MALT is found in three locations:

A

Tonsils (oral & nasal cavities)

Peyers patches (last portion of small intestine)

Appendix (large intestine)

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21
Q

What are the three main tonsils?

A

Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil

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22
Q

encapsulated clusters of lymphatic tissue located along lymphatic vessels that filters lymph as it travels back to the cardiovascular system and trap pathogens

A

Lymph nodes

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23
Q

the largest lymphoid organ in the body that filters blood (consisting of reticular fibers made of reticular cells)

A

spleen

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24
Q

an encapsulated endocrine organ consisting of two lobesthat generate fuctional T cells that protect the body from pathogens

A

thymus

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25
Q

the different types of immunity:

A 
innate immunity
adaptive immunity
cell-mediated immunity
antibody-mediated immunity
acquired immunity
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26
Q

a type of pulp that removes pathogens

A

white pulp

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27
Q

a type of pulp that destroys old erythrocytes

A

red pulp

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28
Q

what are the three lines of defense that the immune system offers?

A
  • surface barriers
  • cells & proteins of innate immunity
  • cells & proteins of adaptive immunity
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29
Q

a type of immunity that does not require exposure to specific cellular markers called antigens to produce a response, and it responds to pathogens in the same way

A

innate (nonspecific) immunity

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30
Q

requires exposure to a specific antigen to mount a response

A

adaptive (specific) immunity

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31
Q

what are the two arm of adaptive immunity?

A

cell-mediated immunity

antibody-mediated immunity

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32
Q

a type of adaptive immunity that is brought on by two types of T cells

A

cell-mediated immunity

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33
Q

a type of adaptive immunity that is carried out by B cells and proteins they produce, called antibodies

A

antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity)

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34
Q

consists of skin that lines the body’s external surfaces and the mucous membranes that lines all passageways that open outside to the body

A

surface barriers

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35
Q

what do the cells of innate immunity include?

A
  • phagocytes
  • natural killer cells (NK cells)
  • dendritic cells
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36
Q

a cell of innate immunity that eat foreign or damaged cells

A

phagocyte

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37
Q

a cell of innate immunity that recognize and destroy cancer cells and cells infected with certain viruses

A

natural killer (NK) cell

38
Q

a cell of innate immunity that is located in many lymphoid organs that activates the T cells of adaptive immunity and function as antigen-presenting cells

A

dendritic cells

39
Q

what do the cells of adaptive immunity include?

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocyes

40
Q

a diverse group of proteins secreted by cells of both innate and adaptive immunty

A

cytokines

41
Q

how are the lymphatic and immune systems connected?

A

lymphoid organs & tissues:

  • provide a residence for cells of the immune system
  • traps pathogens for the immune system
  • activate cells of the immune system
42
Q

the process by which cells ingest particles and other cells

A

phagocytosis

43
Q

a granulocyte that ingest damages cells and bacteria

A

neutrophil

44
Q

a granulocyte that is active in defense against parasites and also involved in allergies

A

eosinophil

45
Q

a granulocyte that mediate inflammation

A

basophil

46
Q

a group of 20 or more plasma proteins that are produced by the liver

A

complement system

47
Q

what are the two pathways that activate complement proteins?

A
  • classical pathway

* alternative pathway

48
Q

activated complement proteins lead to the following steps:

A
  • Cell lysis
  • Enhanced inflammation
  • Neutralized viruses
  • Enhanced phagocytosis
  • Clearance of immune complexes
49
Q

what are the cytokines that are involved in innate immunity?

A
  • Tumor necrosis factor
  • Interferons (INF)
  • Interleukins
50
Q

a response that occurs in reaction to any cellular injury

A

inflammatory response

51
Q

List the steps in inflammatory response part 1: effects of inflammatory mediators

A
  1. tissue damage
  2. damaged cells and mast cells release inflammatory mediators
  3. inflammatory mediators trigger : vasodilation of arterioles, increased capillary permeability, occurrence of pain, and recruitment of other cells (chemotaxis)
52
Q

List the steps in inflammatory response part 2: Phagocyte response

A
  1. local macrophages are activated
  2. neutrophils migrate by chemotaxis to the damaged tissue and phagocytize bacteria & cellular debris
  3. monocytes migrate to the tissue by chemotaxis & become macrophages, which phagocytize pathogens & cellular debris
  4. the bone marrow increases production of leukocytes, leading to leukocytosis
53
Q

a whitish mixture from the accumulation of dead leukocytes, dead tissue cells, and fluid

A

pus

54
Q

a body temperature above the normal range, which is generally between 36 and 38 C (or 97-99 F)

A

fever

55
Q

chemicals released from damaged cells or certain bacteria rest the hypothalamic from normal to higher range

A

pyrogens

56
Q

what are the two types of T cells that cell-mediated immunity involves?

A
  • helper T cells

* cytotoxic T cells

57
Q

T cells form in the ______ but migrate to the ______ to mature?

A

bone marrow, thymus

58
Q

a type of molecule that T cells interact with by pieces of antigens

A

major histocompatibility molecule (MHC)

59
Q

a receptor on the surface of a T cell

A

T cell receptor

60
Q

a type of molecule found on the surface of the plasma membrane on nearly all nucleated cells

A

class I MHC molecules

61
Q

a type of molecule found on the surface of antigen-presenting cells

A

class II MHC molecules

62
Q

cells that are responsible for cell immunological memory, in which these cells respond more quickly and efficiently to subsequent exposures to an antigen

A

memory T cells

63
Q

a protein that Tc cells release to perforate the plasma membrane so that enzymes can enter the cell and fragment its DNA

A

perforin

64
Q

list the function of Tc cells:

A
  1. activated Tc cell binds to target cell
  2. releases perforin
  3. Tc cell ten releases enzymes that can now enter the target cells cytosol
  4. when the target cell begins to degrade, the Tc cell detaches and searches for a new target cell
65
Q

What are the five basic antibodies?

A 
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
66
Q

this is the only antibody able to cross from the blood of a pregnant woman to her fetus through the placenta

A

IgG

67
Q

this antibody is present in secretions from the skin, mucous membranes, and exocrine glands (tears, saliva, sweat, and breast milk)

A

IgA

68
Q

this antibody is the first secreted by B cells in response to a pathogen

A

IgM

69
Q

this antibody binds antigens associated with parasitic worms and allergens

A

IgE

70
Q

this antibody is present on the surface of B cells that acts as an antigen receptor

A

IgD

71
Q

what are the functions of antibodies?

A
  • Agglutination/precipitation
  • Opsonization
  • Neutralization
  • Complement Activation
  • Stimulation of inflammation
72
Q

the clumping of cells

A

agglutination

73
Q

antibodies bind pathogenic components of toxins and block toxic effects

A

neutralization

74
Q

IgG coats antigens and binds phagocytes, enhancing phagocytosis

A

opsonization

75
Q

antibodies activate complement proteins, leading to cell lysis

A

complement activation

76
Q

IgE binds mast cells and basophils, and triggers release of inflammatory mediators

A

stimulation of inflammation

77
Q

the first exposure to an antigen

A

primary immune response

78
Q

subsequent exposures to antigens that generate faster

A

secondary immune response

79
Q

involves exposing an individual to an antigen to elicit a primary immune response and generate memory cells

A

vaccination (immunization)

80
Q

an immunity generated by exposure to an antigen and results in the production of memory cells

A

active immunity

81
Q

an immunity generated by receiving preformed antibodies from another source

A

passive immunity

82
Q

what are the two types of antibody-mediated immunity?

A
  • active immunity

* passive immunity

83
Q

a disorder that occurs when the immune system’s response causes tissue damage

A

hypersensitivity disorder

84
Q

what are the four hypersensitivity disorder?

A
  • type I: immediate hypersensitivity
  • type II: antibody-mediated hypersensitivity
  • type III: immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity
  • type IV: delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)
85
Q

this type of hypersensitivity affects about 20% of people and is formerly known as allergies

A

type I: immediate hypersensitivity

86
Q

a dramatic immediate hypersensitivity reaction that involves a systemic release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators

A

anaphylactic shock

87
Q

a disorder that occurs by a decrease in the function of one or more components of the immune system

A

immunodeficiency disorder

88
Q

immunodeficiencies that are genetic or developmental

A

primary immunodeficiencies

89
Q

immunodeficiencies that are acquired from another source

A

secondary immunodeficiencies

90
Q

a disease that caused by the destruction of TH cells by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

91
Q

a disorder that occur when the immune system recognizes normal cells as foreign due to self-reactive T and B cells and the production of autoantibodies

A

autoimmune disorders

92
Q

an immunodeficiency caused by failures of lymphoid cell lines in bone marrow, which affect B cells, NK cells, and T cells to varying degrees

A

severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A & P 2 Lab (5 decks)

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