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ANAT 3001 > Lymphatic System (For Exam #3) > Flashcards

Lymphatic System (For Exam #3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

move lymph and help the body fight infection

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2
Q

How many liters of fluid per day do not make its way back into venous return?

A

3 L

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3
Q

Lymph vessels _________ excess fluid and return it to venous circulation.

A

reabsorb

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4
Q

Edema is the result of poor…

A

reabsorption of fluid

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5
Q

Lymph vessels around the GI tract also transport ________ through lacteals.

A

dietary lipids

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6
Q

Lymphatic capillaries _______ fluid with one-way valve system formed by overlapping cells.

A

“trap”

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7
Q

Lymphatic capillaries merge to form…

A

lymphatic vessels

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8
Q

How are lymphatic vessels similar to veins?

A
  • have 3 tunics (intima, media, externa)

- have valves to prevent backflow

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9
Q

_______ lymphatic vessels bring lymph to a node (which filters lymph) and _______ vessels carry it away

A

afferent ; efferent

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10
Q

What is included in lymph?

A

interstitial fluid, solutes, dietary lipids

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11
Q

Lymph vessels can be found anywhere except…

A

bone
bone marrow
teeth
central nervous system

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12
Q

Lymphatic trunks form from….

A

merging lymphatic vessels

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13
Q

What do lymphatic trunks do?

A

drain lymph from major regions of the body

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14
Q

Jugular trunks drain lymph from…

A

head and neck

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15
Q

Subclavian trunks drain lymph from…

A

upper extremities
breasts
thoracic wall

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16
Q

Bronchomediastinal trunks drain lymph from…

A

deep thoracic structures

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17
Q

The intestinal trunk drains lymph from…

A

most abdominal structures

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18
Q

Lumbar trunks drain lymph from…

A

lower extremities and pelvis

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19
Q

Absorption of fat makes the lymph what color?

A

milky white (is originally clear)

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20
Q

What are the largest of the lymphatic vessels?

A

the lymphatic ducts

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21
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the…

A

right upper extremity
right side of head
neck
thorax

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22
Q

The thoracic duct drains lymph from…

A 
abdomen
pelvis
lower extremities
left upper extremity
left side of head and neck
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23
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct empty?

A

at the junction of the right subclavian vein and left internal jugular vein

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24
Q

Where does the throacic duct empty?

A

at the junction of the left suclavian vein and left internal jugular vein

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25
Cysterna Chyli
saclike structure that receives a milky lymphatic fluid (chyle) from the small intestine - is continuous superiorly with the thoracic duct; is the origin of the thoracic duct
26
Where are lymphatic cells found?
lymphatic system | cardiovascular system
27
Function of the lymphatic cells
elicit an immune response
28
Macrophages
monocytes that have migratedinto the lymphatic system from bloodstream - responsible for phagocytosis of foreign substances
29
Dendritic Cells
- located in lymphatic nodules (cluster of lymphatic cells) | - internalize antigens from lymph and present them to other lymphatic cells
30
Lymphocytes
- most abundant cells in the lymphatic system | - 3 types: T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, natural killer cells
31
T-Lymphocytes (T-Cells)
- account for 70-85% of all lymphocytes - have surface receptors for specific antigens - main types are helper T-lymphocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and memory T-lymphocytes
32
Helper T-Lymphocytes
- needed to being a defense against an antigen - contain the CD4 coreceptor (CD4+cells, or T4 cells) - each helper T-lymphocyte is activated by one type of antigen (virus, bacterium, etc.) - release cytokines to activate other lymphatic cells
33
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
- contain the CD8 receptor (CD8+ cells, or T8 cells) - come in direct contact with infected or foreign cells and kill them - responds to specific antigen
34
Memory T-Lymphocytes
- arise form T-lymphocytes that have encountered a foreign antigen - provide augmented response to exposure to the specific antigen
35
B-Lymphocytes
- account for 15-30% of all lymphocytes - have surface receptors for specific antigens - activated by helper T-lymphocyte, they divide and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-lymphocytes - plasma cells secrete immunoglobulins, or antibodies, which attach to antigens - antibody-antigen complexes are then eliminated - memory B-lymphocytes provide enhanced response to subsequent exposure to antigen
36
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
- make up remaining percentage of lymphocytes | - can kill a wide variety of infected cells
37
Lymphopoiesis
- the process of lymphocyte development and maturation | - all lymphocytes originate in red bone marrow, but their maturation sites differ
38
Lymphatic Nodules
- clusters of lymphatic cells (B-cells, T-cells, macrophages) - filter and attack antigens
39
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
large collections of lymphatic nodules in the mucosa of digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts
40
Tonsils
large clusters of lymphatic cells surrounded by connective tissue capsule - palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual
41
What are the lymphatic organs?
thymus, lymph nodes, spleen
42
What are lymphatic organs?
lymphatic cells within an extracellular connective tissue matrix, completely surrounded by connective tissue capsule
43
Where do B-lymphocytes and natural killer cells differentiate and mature?
red bone marrow
44
Where do T-lymphocytes differentiate and mature?
thymus | - occurs during childhood
45
What part of the thymus contains immature T-lymphocytes, nurse cells, and macrophages?
cortex
46
What part of the thymus contains mature T-lymphocytes and some epithelial cells?
medulla
47
Thymic Corpuscles
areas of degenerated nurse cells in the medulla
48
Is the thymus usually present in adults?
no
49
Lymph nodes are found along...
lymph vessels
50
Spleen
- largest lymphoid organ in the body - surrounded by a capsule - divided into red and white pulp
51
White Pulp
circular clusters of lymphatic cells | - monitor BLOOD for foreign materials, bacteria, and other antigens
52
Red Pulp
contains extra supply of erythrocytes and platelets in case they are needed for the body
53
Lymphedema
accumulation of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces - can be due to lack of venous return due to varicose veins, DVT, or blockage/surgical removal of lymph collecting vessels
54
What are the functions of the spleen?
- immunosurveillance (white pulp) | - red blood cell inspection (red pulp)
55
What do the epithelial reticular cells in the thymus do?
- isolate capillaries in the thymus to form a blood-thymus barrier that protects developing T-cells from premature stimulation by antigens - produce thymic hormones (thymosin, thymopoietin) - destroys T-cells that recognize self
56
Where are palatine tonsils?
lateral sides on the pharyngeal wall | - they are the largest and most likely to be removed in childhood due to infection
57
Where are the lingual tonsils?
posterior surface of the tongue
58
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)?
on the pharyngeal roof
59
Where are the tubal tonsils?
just behind the opening of the pharyngotympanic tubes into the pharynx
60
Primary Immune Response
- mediated by both T-cells and B-cells - activation is relatively slow - when activated, T and B-cells proliferate, mature, and function as effector cells, then die - some activated cells remain as memory cells
61
Secondary Immune Response
subsequent challenge by the same antigen results in a quicker and more robust (stronger) response - speed and strength is due to memory cells
62
What cells are affected by HIV/AIDS?
the helper cells - prevents body from triggering an immune response since body cannot regulate population of B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells
63
What is the purpose of the thorax?
protect thoracic viscera
64
What is the thoracic cage composed of?
sternum 12 thoracic vertebrae 12 ribs (7 true, 5 false)
65
What is contained in the thorax?
``` lungs heart great vessels esophagus inferior vena cava descending aorta vagus and phrenic nerves ```
66
Where does the descending aorta pass through the thorax?
behind the diaphragm at level T12
67
Where does the esophagus pass through the thorax?
T10
68
Where does the inferior vena cava pass through the thorax?
T8

ANAT 3001 (11 decks)

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