Lymphatic System - Mod 4

Question 1

What are the main components of the lymphatic system?

Answer 1

Lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, and lymphatic organs.

Question 2

What are the main functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 2

• Drain excess interstitial fluid from the tissues
• Initiate an immune response against disease by producing and transporting lymphocytes
• Transport dietary lipids absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract into the blood

Question 3

What is lymph?

Answer 3

A clear fluid similar in composition to blood plasma.

Question 4

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

Answer 4

Drain excess fluid from the tissues as lymph and return it into the blood circulation.

Question 5

What is lymphatic tissue composed of?

Answer 5

Composed of masses of lymphocytes.

Question 6

What is the general function of the lymphatic organs?

Answer 6

Filter the fluid that flows through the lymphatic vessels, the spleen, thymus, and red bone marrow.

Question 7

What do lymph nodes contain?

Answer 7

Lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 8

What is the function of interstitial fluid?

Answer 8

Transports nutrients between blood vessels and cells.

Question 9

What are lacteals and what do they do?

Answer 9

Lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that transport fats.

Question 10

What is chyle?

Answer 10

Fat-filled lymph

Question 11

What are the two main lymphatic ducts and what do they drain into?

Answer 11

The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct, they drain into the left and right subclavian veins.

Question 12

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?

Answer 12

the left side of the body and the lower right side.

Question 13

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain lymph from?

Answer 13

The right side of the head and thorax and the right arm.

Question 14

go back to slide 7 and make flashcards if needed.

Question 15

Where are lymphocytes produced?

Answer 15

In red bone marrow.

Question 16

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

Answer 16

The bone marrow and thymus.

Question 17

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

Answer 17

The spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, and diffuse lymphatic tissue.

Question 18

What is produced in the bone marrow, and what do they differentiate into?

Answer 18

Lymphocytes are produced and they differentiate into B pre-T cells.
pre-T cells migrate to the thymus and mature into T-cells.

Question 19

What is the thymus?

Answer 19

It is a primary lyphatic organ where T-cells mature.

Question 20

What is the hilum?

Answer 20

It is a slight indentation on one side of the lymph node where an artery, vein, and lymphatic vessel can enter and exit the node.

Question 21

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 21

It breaks down and recycles old blood cells and produces white blood cells, which fight infection.

Question 22

What are the two types of pulp in the spleen and what are their functions?

Answer 22

• Red pulp (blood-filled) - recycles blood cells
• White pulp (lymphoid tissue) - immune functions

Question 23

What is diffuse lymphatic tissue and where is it found?

Answer 23

Aggregations (clusters) of lymphatic tissue found within the mucosa of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.

Question 24

What is immunity?

Answer 24

The bodys ability to defend itself against disease and infection.

Question 25

What are the two types of immunity

Answer 25

Innate imunity and adaptive immunity

Question 26

What is self-recognition?

Answer 26

The immune systems ability to distinguish between cells of itself and foreign cells, such as bacteria and viruses.

Question 27

What is innate immunity?

Answer 27

The bodys first and second line of defense against infection, reacting to non-specific pathogens.

Question 28

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 28

Memory of past infections that develops over time, enuring more effective future responses.

Question 29

What is immunological memory?

Answer 29

It’s the ability of adaptive immune cells to remember an antigen and respond faster the next time it appears.

Question 30

What is the primary immune response?

Answer 30

It’s the body's first reaction to a new antigen, activating both innate and adaptive immunity.

Question 31

What two types of cells are made during a primary immune response?

Answer 31

- Active cells: Fight the infection - Inactive memory cells: Stay in the body and react faster if the same antigen returns later

Question 32

What is a secondary immune response?

Answer 32

A faster and stronger immune reaction that happens when the body sees the same antigen again.

Question 33

What are the two lines of defense in innate immunity?

Answer 33

- First line – Physical and chemical barriers like skin and mucous membranes. - Second line – Internal defenses like phagocytes, NK cells, antimicrobial substances, inflammation, and fever.

Question 34

What are the two types of protection in the first line of defense?

Answer 34

- Mechanical protection - Chemical protection

Question 35

What are natural killer cells and what do they do?

Answer 35

They form part of the second line of defense and are the first lymphocytes to react to infection by destroying infected cells.

Question 36

What do NK cells release when they bind to an infected cell?

Answer 36

They release granules that contain perforin and granzymes.

Question 37

What does perforin do?

Answer 37

Creates holes in the plasma membranes of infected cells.

Question 38

What is cytolysis?

Answer 38

The bursting of cells caused by extracellular fluid flowing into the cell.

Question 39

What do granzymes do?

Answer 39

They enter the infected cell through the perforin made holes and cause the cell to destroy itself, a process called apoptosis.