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First Aid Immunology > Lymphocytes > Flashcards

Lymphocytes Flashcards

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1
Q

Components of innate immunity

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. macrophages
  3. monocytes
  4. dendritic cells
  5. natural killer (NK) cells (lymphoid origin)
  6. complement
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2
Q

Components of Adaptive Immunity

A
  1. T cells
  2. B cells
  3. circulating antibodies
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3
Q

Innate immunity genetic mechanism

A

Germline encoded

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity genetic mechanism

A

Variation through V(D)J recombination during lymphocyte development

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5
Q

Innate immunity resistance

A

Does not change within a lifetime

Persists through generations

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6
Q

Adaptive Immunity resistance

A

Microbial resistance is not heritable

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7
Q

Innate immunity response to pathogens

A 
Nonspecific
Occurs rapidly (minutes to hours)
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8
Q

Adaptive immunity response to pathogens

A

Highly specific, refined over time
Develops over long periods; memory response is faster and more robust

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9
Q

Innate immunity physical barriers

A
  • Epithelial tight junctions
  • mucus
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10
Q

Adaptive immunity phyiscal barriers

A

N/A

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11
Q

Innate immunity secreted proteins

A
  1. Lysozyme
  2. Complement
  3. C-reactive protein (CRP)
  4. Defensins
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12
Q

Adaptive immunity secreted proteins

A

Immunoglobulins

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13
Q

Innate immunity pathogen recognition

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs): pattern recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).

Examples of PAMPs include

  • LPS (gram-negative bacteria)
  • flagellin (bacteria)
  • ssRNA (viruses)
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14
Q

Adaptive immunity pathogen recognition

A

Memory cells: activated B and T cells;

subsequent exposure to a previously encountered antigen → stronger, quicker immune response

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15
Q

MHC (I and II)

A

MHC encoded by HLA genes.

  • Present antigen fragments to T cells
  • and bind T-cell receptors (TCRs).
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16
Q

MHC I loci

A
  1. HLA-A
  2. HLA-B
  3. HLA-C
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17
Q

MHC II loci

A
  1. HLA-DR
  2. HLA-DP
  3. HLA-DQ
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18
Q

MHC I binding

A

TCR and CD8

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19
Q

MHC II binding

A

TCR and CD4

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20
Q

MHC I expression

A

Expressed on all nucleated cells

Not expressed on RBCs

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21
Q

MHC II expression

A

Expressed on APCs

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22
Q

MHC I function

A

Present endogenously synthesized antigens (e.g., viral or cytosolic proteins) to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

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23
Q

MHC II function

A

Present exogenously synthesized antigens (e.g., bacterial proteins) to **CD4+ helper T cells **

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24
Q

MHC I antigen loading

A

Proteasome breaks down protein (could be viral) in the cytoplasm. It enters the RER via TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing), Tapasin links MHC I to TAP so it can pick up protein pieces and continue folding. The complex can then move to the cell surface.

Associated with beta 2 microglobulin protein.

Note that the alpha subunit of MHC I has three subunits.

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25
MHC II antigen loading
The exogenous antigen is taken up and loaded into an endosome. MHC II αβ and **Ii** (invariant chain) move from the ER (targeted by Ii) to the golgi and then move to combine with the endosome. As the endesome becomes more **acidic**, proteasomes break down the protein. As the MHC II endosome becomes more acidic and combined with the endosome, Ii is degraded to **CLIP**. Acidic conditions and HLA-DM MHCII → binds protein. Note that MHC I only has an α chain but MHC II has an α and β chain.
26
MHC I associated proteins
β2-microglobulin ## Footnote
27
MHC II associated proteins
Invariant chain (Ii chain) & CLIP
28
HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C are the loci for
MHC I
29
HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ are the loci for
MHC II
30
TCR and CD8 bind
MHC I
31
TCR and CD4 bind
MHC II
32
Expressed on all nucleated cells Not expressed on RBCs
MHC I
33
Expressed on APCs
MHC II
34
Present endogenously synthesized antigens (e.g., viral or cytosolic proteins) to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
MHC I
35
Present exogenously synthesized antigens (e.g., bacterial proteins) to CD4+ helper T cells
MHC II
36
What is β2-microglobulin associated with?
MHC I
37
What is the invariant chain (Ii chain) protein associated with?
MHC II
38
Has an alpha and beta chain
MHC II
39
Has an alpha chain with three subunits
MHC I
40
HLA subtype A3 is associated with
Hemochromatosis (MHCI?)
41
Hemochromatosis is associated with this HLA subtype
A3
42
HLA subtype B27 is associated with this disease
1. Psoriatic arthritis 2. Ankylosing spondylitis 3. arthritis of Inflammatory bowel disease 4. Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome) PAIR. Also known as seronegative arthropathies. (MHCI?)
43
1. Psoriatic arthritis 2. Ankylosing spondylitis 3. arthritis of Inflammatory bowel disease 4. Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome) Are associated with which HLA subtype?
B27
44
HLA subtype DQ2/DQ8 is associated with this disease
Celiac disease.
45
HLA subtype DR2 is associated with this disease
1. Multiple sclerosis 2. hay fever 3. SLE 4. Goodpasture syndrome.
46
HLA subtype DR3 is associated with this disease
1. Diabetes mellitus type 1 2. SLE 3. Graves disease 4. Hashimoto thyroiditis
47
HLA subtype DR4 is associated with this disease
* Rheumatoid arthritis * diabetes mellitus type 1 [There are 4 walls in a “rheum” (room)]
48
HLA subtype DR5 is associated with this disease
* Pernicious anemia → vitamin B12 deficiency * Hashimoto thyroiditis
49
Celiac disease is associated with which HLA subtype?
DQ2/DQ8
50
1. Multiple sclerosis 2. hay fever 3. SLE 4. Goodpasture syndrome are associated with which HLA subtype?
DR2
51
1. Diabetes mellitus type 1 2. SLE 3. Graves disease 4. Hashimoto thyroiditis Are associated with which HLA subtype?
DR3
52
* Rheumatoid arthritis * diabetes mellitus type 1 Are associated with which HLA subtype?
DR4
53
* Pernicious anemia → vitamin B12 deficiency, * Hashimoto thyroiditis. Are associated with which HLA subtype?
DR5
54
Hay fever
Gross pollens causing allergic rhinitis
55
Goodpasture
Anti-GBM disease (kidney and lung)
56
Pernicious anemia
Autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells → lost IF → B12 deficiency
57
How are natural killer cells unique components of innate immunity?
They don't need an MHC I complex (mostly viral)
58
How does the adaptive immunity mechanism work?
Heavy chain- DNA: first DJ then V. RNA removes space between that and the constant region. Light chain- DNA: VJ only. RNA removes extra in between the constant Kappa light chain Lambda heavy chain
59
What are the seronegative arthropathies?
(involves joints) 1. Psoriatic arthritis 2. Ankylosing spondylitis 3. arthritis of Inflammatory bowel disease 4. Reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter syndrome)
60
Natural killer cells
* Lymphocyte member of innate immune system * Use _perforin_ and _granzymes_ to induce apoptosis of _virally infected cells_ and _tumor cells_ * Induced to kill when exposed to a * _nonspecific activation signal_ on a target cell * and/or to an _absence of class I MHC on target cell surface__​_ * Also kills via _antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CD16 binds Fc region of bound Ig, activating the NK cell)._
61
Natural killer cells activity enhanced by
* IL-2 * IL-12 * IFN-α * IFN-β
62
B-Cell functions
1. Recognize antigen—undergo _somatic hypermutation_ (→ as it replicates) to _optimize antigen specificity_ (→ also isotype / class switching, see later...)ץ 2. Produce antibody—differentiate into _plasma cells_ to secrete specific immunoglobulins. Maintain *immunologic memory*—_memory B cells_ persist and accelerate future response to antigen.
63
T-Cell functions
* _CD4+_ T cells _help B cells make antibodies_ and produce _cytokines_ to recruit phagocytes and activate other leukocytes. * _CD8+_ T cells directly _kill virus-infected cells_. * _Delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity (type IV)_. * _Acute_ and _chronic_ cellular _organ rejection._ CD4 TH1 → CD8

First Aid Immunology (3 decks)

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