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Step 1 - Immunology > Lymphocytes > Flashcards

Lymphocytes Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

Innate immunity components (6)

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
  3. Monocytes
  4. Dendritic cells
  5. Natural Killer cells
  6. Complement
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2
Q

Adaptive immunity components

A

T cells
B cells
Circulating antibodies

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3
Q

Adaptive immunity mechanism

A

Variation through VDJ recombination during lymphocyte development

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4
Q

Germline encoded immunity

A

Innate

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5
Q

Resistance persists through generations and doesn’t change within an organisms lifetime: innate or adaptive immunity-?

A

Innate

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6
Q

Highly specific response to pathogens

A

Adaptive immunity

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7
Q

No memory response

A

Innate immunity

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8
Q

Fastest immunity

A

Innate

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9
Q

Secreted proteins implied in innate immunity

A

Lyzozyme
Complement
CRP
Defensins

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10
Q

Physical barriers implied in innate immunity

A

Epithelial tight junctions

Mucus

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11
Q

Pathogen recognition features in innate immunity

A

TLR: Toll-Like Receptors
PAMPs: pathogen-associated molecular patterns

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12
Q

PAMP in gram negative bacteria

A

Lipopolisaccarides

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13
Q

Encoded by HLA genes

A

MHC: major histocompatibility complex I and II

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14
Q

Function of MHC

A

Present antigen fragments to T cells and bind T cell receptors: TCRs

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15
Q

MHC I loci

A

HLA A
HLA B
HLA C
MHC 1 loci have 1 letter

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16
Q

MHC II loci

A

HLA DP
HLA DQ
HLA DR

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17
Q

MHC I and MHC II binding

A

8 rule:
HLA I x CD8
HLA II x CD4
Both TCR

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18
Q

MHC I structure

A

1 long chain

1 short chain

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19
Q

MHC II structure

A

2 equal length chains

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20
Q

MHC I expression

A

ALL nucleated cells (Not RBC), APCs and platelets

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21
Q

MHC II expression

A

APCs

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22
Q

MHC ___ presents exogenously synthesized antigens (eg bacterial proteins) to _____ T cells

A

II

CD4 (T helper)

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23
Q

MHC___ presents endogenously synthesized antigens (eg. viral or cytosolic proteins) to _____ T cells

A

I

CD8+ cytotoxic

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24
Q

Protein associated with MHC II

A

Invariant chain

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25
Protein associated with MHC I
B2 microglobulin
26
Antigen loading in MHC I
Antigen peptides loaded onto MCH I in RER after delivery via TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing)
27
Antigen loading in MHC II
Antigen loaded following release of invariant chain in an acidified endosome
28
HLA associated to hemochromatosis
A3
29
HLA associated to Graves and myastenia gravis
B8
30
Diseases associated to HLA b27
``` Seronegative arthropathies: PAIR Psoriatic arthitis Ankylosing spondylitis IBD-associated arthitis Reactive arthritis: Reiter's syndrome ```
31
HLA associated to Celiac disease
``` DQ2, DQ8 I ate (8) too (2) much gluten at Dairy Queen ```
32
HLA associated to multiple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture syndrome
DR2: DesgRacia2
33
HLA associated to SLE
DR3 | DR2
34
HLA associated to DM1, Rheumatoid disease
DR4
35
HLA associated to Hashimoto tyroiditis and pernicious anemia
DR5
36
HLA associated to Addison disease
HLA B8, DR4
37
Lymphocyte member of innate immune system
Natural Killer cells
38
Function of natural killer cells
Use perforin and granzymes to induce apoptosis of virally infected cells and tumor cells
39
Enhances NK activity
IL2, IL12, IFN alpha and beta
40
Signals of NK cell activation
1. Nonspecific activation signal on target cell 2. MHC absence 3. Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
41
CD4+ function
Help B cell make antibodies and produce cytokines to recruit phagocytes and activate other leukocytes
42
Optimize antigen specifity in B cells
Somatic hypermutation
43
Responsable for accute and chronic cellular organ rejection
T cells
44
REsponsible for type IV hypersensitivity
Cell mediated: T cell
45
Positive selection of T cells takes place in
Thyme cortex
46
Negative selection of T cells takes place in
Thyme medulla
47
Deficiency of AIRE (autoinmune regulator)
Autoinmune polyendocrine syndrome 1 (chromosome 21)
48
T cells expressing TCRs capable of binding self-MHC on cortical epithelial cells survive
Positive selection: Cortex
49
T cells expressing TCRs with high affinity for self antigens undergo apoptosis
Negative selection: medulla
50
Helper T cell that secretes IFN gamma and IL-2
Th1 cell
51
Th1 cell function
Activates macrophages and cytotoxic T cells
52
Helper T cell that secretes IL-4,5,6,10,13
Th2 cell
53
Th2 cell function
Recruits eosinophils for parasite defense | Promotes IgE production by B cells
54
Th1 cell differentiation is induced by
IL-12 (macrophages, dendritic and other APC) | INF gamma
55
Th2 cell differentiation is induced by
IL-2 | IL-4
56
Th2 cell is inhibited by
IFN gamma from Th1 cell
57
TH1 cell is inhibited by
IL-4 and IL-10 from Th2
58
Function of Cytotoxic T cells
Kill virus-infected/neoplastic/ donor graft cells | Inducing apopotosis by releasing cytotoxic granules containing preformed proteins (perforin, granzyme B)
59
Expression of CD3, CD4 and FOXP3
Regulatory T cells
60
Activated regulatory T cells (Tregs) produce...
Antiinflamatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF beta)
61
Tregs function
Mantain specific immune tolerance by supressing CD4 and CD8 T cell effector functions
62
Genetic defficiency of FOXP3
IPEX: immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, entheropathy X linked syndrome Diabetes in male infants
63
Antigen presenting cells
B cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cells Macrophages
64
Signals required for T cell activation
1. Antigen is presented on MHC II/I and recognised by TCR on CD4/8 2. Proliferation and survival: B7 (cd80/86)protein on dentritic cell and CD28 on naïve T cell
65
Signals required for B cell activation and class switching
1. Foreign Antigen is presented on MHC II to TCR on Th cell 2. CD40 receptor on B cell binds to CD40L on Th cell Th cell secretes cytokines that determine Ig class switching of B cell
66
Determines idiotype
Fab fragment: antigen binding
67
Fab fragment
Contains variable regions consisting of light (L) and heavy (H) chains: recognizes antigens
68
Region of antibody that fixes complement
FC
69
Characteristics of Fc fragment on an antobody
1. Constant 2. Carboxyl terminal 3. Complement binding 4. Carbohydrate side chains
70
Determines isotype of an antybody
Fc fragment: IgA, G, E,M
71
Generation of antibody diversity (antigen independent)
1. Random combination of VJ (light chain) or VDJ (heavy chain) genes 2. Random addition of nucleotides to DNA during recombination by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase (TdT) 3. Random combination of heavy chains with light chains
72
Generation of antibody diversity (antigen dependent)
Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation (variable region) Isotype switching: constant region
73
Mature naïve B cells prior to activation express what types of Ig?
Ig M | Ig D
74
Main antibody in delayed response to an antigen
IgG
75
Most abundant Ig in serum
IgG
76
Ig that crosses placenta
IgG
77
Ig that doesnt fix complement
IgA
78
Ig that prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes
IgA
79
IgA dimer
J chain binds
80
Most produced antibody overall
IgA (but IgG is the higher in serum)
81
Ig in breast milk and secretions
IgA
82
Produces in the immediate response to an antigen
IgM
83
Doesnt cross the placenta
IgM (pentamer)
84
Enables avid binding to antigen in IgM
Pentamer conformation
85
Ig that binds mast cells and basophils
IgE
86
Ig that mediates immediate hypersensitivity (type I)
IgE: cross links when exposed to allergen
87
Ig with lowest concentration in serum
IgE
88
Antigens lacking a peptide component
Thymus independent antigens: cannot be presented by MHC to T cells

Step 1 - Immunology (4 decks)

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