lymphocytes and immunity

Question 1

immunity we are born with and is obtained by WBC phagocytosis, and is present on intact skin, stomach acids, and complement proteins

Answer 1

innate

Question 2

immunity that occurs due to sensitization which is the resistance to an infection after the first invasion by a specific foreign organism or toxin

Answer 2

acquired

Question 3

immunity passed down to provide temp immunity from specific antigens
ex: baby gets this from mom

Answer 3

passive

Question 4

what are antigens

Answer 4

foreign organisms or toxins that the body recognizes as foreign

Question 5

ex of antigens

Answer 5

carbohydrates, protein, dust, bacteria

Question 6

where are antigens first phagocytized

Answer 6

by macrophages in lymphoid tissue then the macrophages then pass on the Ag markers (epitopes) to lymphocytes

Question 7

specific groups of B or T lymphocytes responsive to single type of Ag after sensitization

Answer 7

clones

Question 8

types of acquired immunity

Answer 8

humoral immunity (B lymphocytes) and Cell-mediated immunity (t lymphocytes)

Question 9

-b lymphocytes originate in pluripotent stems cells then are preprocessed in the bone marrow and then colonize to lymphoid tissue
-produce antibodies that attack the invading organism

Answer 9

humoral immunity

Question 10

t lymphocytes originate in pluripotent stem cells then are preprocessed in thymus gland before birth and for a few months after and then lymphoid tissue
-produce activated lymphocytes that destroy foreign invaders

Answer 10

cell-mediated immunity

Question 11

examples of primary lymphoid tissue

Answer 11

thymus and bone marrow

Question 12

examples of secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 12

lymph nodes, spleen, peyer’s path, waldeyer’s ring, lymph nodes, mesenteric lymph nodes

Question 13

are known as “battle manager” and are activated T lymphocytes

Answer 13

helper T (CD4)

Question 14

what does Cytotoxic T (CD8) do

Answer 14

destroys antigens directly
is specific for individual antigens
responsible for rejecting transplanted tissues or organs and killing cancer cells
-uses cytotoxic and digestive enzymes

Question 15

what type of cells are suppressor T cells

Answer 15

regulatory cells

Question 16

t lymphocytes make up how much percent of lymphocytes

Answer 16

70 %

Question 17

how much % of activated lymphocytes become memory cells and are preserved in lymphoid tissue as blueprint for battle against specific antigen for lymphocyte

Answer 17

5-10

Question 18

what are important in stimulating the immune response in T lymphocytes?

Answer 18

lymphokines

Question 19

what are the most numerous T lymphocytes

Answer 19

CD4 helper T cells

Question 20

when exposed to antigens, what do helper T cells excrete that stimulate the entire immune system

Answer 20

lymphokines (interferon, interleukins)

Question 21

what does HIV do the CD4 cells

Answer 21

strikes the key compound in the immune system and causes paralysis in the immune system

Question 22

suppressor T cells

Answer 22

can suppress helper t and cytotoxic t cells
moderate immune activity
makes sure our immune response does not attack our own cells

Question 23

B lymphocytes are what % of lymphocytes

Answer 23

30

Question 24

b lymphocytes action?

Answer 24

with the stimulation of lymphokines or antigen present, can change appearance and begin to divide

Question 25

plasma cells

Answer 25

are known as antibody factories and produce specific antibodies at a rate of 2,0000/s/cell

Question 26

memory cells?

Answer 26

stored B cells aimed at specific antigen how vaccinations work against body and are developed (flu, polio, covid, hepatitis)

Question 27

igA

Answer 27

involved in secretions such as tears, saliva, and protects against topical and mucus membrane bacteria infection

Question 28

IgM

Answer 28

formed in blood reaction foreign RBC antigen

Question 29

IgE

Answer 29

elevated in asthma or allergies, can mediate anaphylaxis, attaches to mast cells and basophils

Question 30

when antigens bind together as clumps

Answer 30

agglutination

Question 31

when antibodies cover toxic sites of antigenic agents

Answer 31

neutralization

Question 32

mechanisms of action of antibodies

Answer 32

activate complement system that destroys the invader makes up 20% of plasma proteins

Question 33

what do you call the system that 20 proteins can be activated in multiple ways to destroy the invading antigen or toxins and amplify the effects of the immune system

Answer 33

complement system

Question 34

the proteins tend to circulate as inactive enzymes called ___

Answer 34

zymogens

Question 35

what is self tolerance autoimmunity

Answer 35

immune system can recognize a person's own tissue as "self"

Question 36

what is molecular mimicry autoimmunity

Answer 36

a foreign antigen portrays invades the body and pretends to be one of our cells activated t cells or ab are formed and attack against the invader but also our own cells ex: type 1 DM , SLE, MS

Question 37

hypersensitivity reactions are

Answer 37

exaggerated or inappropriate immune response can be local (urticaria) or systemic (anaphylaxis) antibody mediated: I (IgE triggered and non IgE triggered), II (IgG, IgM, complement-mediated), III (immune complex (Ag-Ab) response): T cell-mediated IV

Question 38

what are most frequently associated with anaphylaxis

Answer 38

muscle relaxants both depolarizing and non depolarizing

Question 39

anaphylaxis vs anaphylactoid

Answer 39

igE mediated activation of mast cells and basophils- must have a prior exposure with specific IgE generation direct activation and degranulation of mast cells and basophils by foreign substance- non IgE, does not need prior exposure (contrast media, opioids, sulfites) both equally life threatening

Question 40

how does HIV work

Answer 40

attaches to surface of T cells and other cells and injects RNA into R cells T cell becomes factory for producing HIV once helper T cell is taken over by HIV we lose a lot of the immune power in our body

Question 41

steps of HIV

Answer 41

1. release of RNA into T cell 2. reverse transcription- HIV RNA converted to HIV DNA 3. HIV DNA enters nucleus and incorporated in cell DNA 4 & 5. RNA produced and processed (proteases) for viral assembly 6, newly made HIV released from cell and ready to infect other cells