Lytes/Fluids

Question 1

Free Water Effect

Answer 1

Dogs:
0.25 (Na) - ( Normal Na)

Cats:
0.22 (Na) - (Normal Na)

Question 2

Corrected Chloride

Answer 2

Measured Cl X (Mid-normal Na/Measured Na)

Question 3

Phosphate Effect

Answer 3

(Normal Phosphate - Measured Phosphate) / 2

Question 4

Albumin Effect

Answer 4

(Normal Alb - measured Alb) X 4

Question 5

Lactate Effect

Answer 5

-1 X Measured Lactate

Question 6

Sum of Effects (semi-quantitative acid-base approach)

Answer 6

Free water effect + Cl effect + phosphate effect + albumin effect + lactate effect

Question 7

Unmeasured Ion Effect

Answer 7

Base Excess - Sum of Effects

Question 8

Chloride Effect

Answer 8

Normal Cl - Corrected Cl

Question 9

Strong Ion Difference (SID)

Answer 9

Serum Na - Serum Cl

Question 10

Plasma Protein Contribution to Weak Acids

Answer 10

Dogs: Net Protein: 0.25meq/g for TP
Dogs: 0.42meq/g Alb

Cats: Net Protein: 0.19meq/g TP
Cats: 0.41meq/g Albumin

Question 11

Strong Ion Gap (SIG)
(Simplified doesn’t account for phosphate)

Answer 11

Dogs:
SIG= (alb X 4.9) - AG

Cats:
SIG= (alb X 7.4) - AG

Question 12

Modified AG
(Phosphate Adjusted)

Answer 12

= AG + (2.52-0.58 X phosphate)

If patient is hyperphosphatemic determine adjusted AG and then plug into SIG equation

Question 13

Normal pH Range

Answer 13

7.35-7.45

Question 14

Normal PaCO2

Answer 14

Dogs: 32-43
Cats: 26-36

35-45 generally

Question 15

Base Deficit

Answer 15

Dogs: +1 to -5
Cats: -2 to -8

Question 16

Normal Bicarbonate

Answer 16

Dog: 18-26
Cats: 14-22

Question 17

Normal PaO2

Answer 17

80-100 mmHg

Question 18

Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

Answer 18

PH= pKA + log ( HCO3/PCO2 X SC)

Question 19

Corrected Calcium

Answer 19

(Measured Ca - Measured Alb) + 3.5

Question 20

Appropriate Compensation for Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 20

For every 1 meq/L decrease in HCO3, PCO2 decreases by 0.7 mm Hg

Question 21

Appropriate Compensation for Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 21

For every 1 meq/L increase in HCO3, PCO2 increases by 0.7 mmHg

Question 22

Appropriate Compensation for Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 22

For every 1 meq/L increase in HCO3, PCO2 decre

Question 23

Appropriate Compensation for Acute Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 23

For every 1 mm Hg increase in PCO2, HCO3 increases by 0.15 meq/L

Question 24

Appropriate Compensation for Chronic Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 24

For every 1 mm Hg increase in PCO2, HCO3 increases by 0.35 meq/L

Question 25

Appropriate Compensation for Acute Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 25

Every 1 mm Hg decrease in PCO2, HCO3 decreases by 0.25 meq/L

Question 26

Appropriate Compensation for Chronic Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 26

Every 1 mm Hg decrease in PCO2, HCO3 decreases by 0.55 meq/L

Question 27

Base Excess/Base Deficit

Answer 27

Normal range is 0+/4 meq/L

Reflects the amount of base required to normalize pH.

Positive Number= BE
Negative Number= BD

Values less than normal indicate a metabolic acidosis.
Values greater than normal indicate metabolic alkalosis.

Question 28

Expected Compensation:
Metabolic Acidosis

Answer 28

Expected CO2= (midpoint CO2) - [(midpoint HCO3 - Pt HCO3)] X Compensation Rate

Question 29

Expected Compensation:
Metabolic Alkalosis

Answer 29

Expected CO2=
(midpoint CO2) + [(Patient HCO3- Midpoint HCO3)] X Compensation Rate

Question 30

Expected Compensation:
Respiratory Acidosis

Answer 30

Expected HCO3=
(Midpoint HCO3) + [(Patient CO2- Midpoint CO2)] X Compensation Rate

Question 31

Expected Compensation:
Respiratory Alkalosis

Answer 31

Expected HCO3=
(Midpoint HCO3) - [(midpoint CO2- Patient CO2)] X Compensation Rate