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1
Q

Layers covering and protecting the brain

A

• Scalp • Skull- bone • Meninges & cerebral spinal fluid – under skull

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2
Q

What are the part of the skulll?

A

• SCALP o Skin o Connective tissue – Tela subcutanea o Aponeurotica- galea aponeurotica o Loose areolar connective tissue o Pericranium- Periosteum- Connective tissue covering calvaria

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3
Q

Muscle of head?

A

• Epicranius muscle Frontalis – frontal belly Occipitalis – occipital belly • Temporalis

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4
Q

What is the skull caps name and sutures ?

A

• Calvaria Coronal Suture -Separates frontal bone from 2 parietal bones Sagittal Suture -Separates parietal bones Lambdoid Suture -Separating the occipital bone (Squamous) suture - Seperates parietal from the temporal bone

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5
Q

What is Wormian Bone?

A

• Intra sutural bones • Extra piece of bone • Commonly seen : Inca bone or preinterparietal bone • Peruvian descent

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6
Q

What are base of the skull and what do they contain?

A

Anterior cranial fossa- frontal lobe Middle cranial fossa- Temporal lobe Posterior- Cerebellum, brainstem- passes through the foramen magnum continuous with SC

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7
Q

Cranial fossae divided by

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid bone separates anterior and middle cranial fossae
Petrous ridge of temporal bone separates the middle and posterior cranial fossae

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8
Q

Brainstem- Dorsal surface

A

¨Midbrain: Corpora quadrigemina, Superior colliculi, Inferior colliculi

¨Pons- Superior cerebellar peduncle, Middle cerebellar peduncle, Facial colliculus

Medulla- Inferior cerebellar peduncle, Hypoglossal trigone, Vagal trigone, Obex, Nucleus cuneatus (lateral) & Nucleus gracilis (medial)

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9
Q

Brainstem- ventral surface

A

¨Midbrain: Cerebral peduncles, Interpeduncular fossa

Pons: Middle cerebellar peduncle, Inferior pontine sulcus

Medulla- Pyramid & pyramidal decussation, Ventral median fissure, Inferior olive, Preolivary sulcus, Postolivary sulcus

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10
Q

Dura mater is 2 layers –

A

Periosteal- outer layer, closer to bone
Meningeal- Received blood primary from middle meningeal artery

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11
Q

Area where layers of dura mater is not fused

A

Falx cerebri- Vertical midline partition located in the longitudinal fissure b/w cerebral hemispheres.

Tentorium cerebelli- Separating the superior surface of cerebellum from the inferior surface of the occipital lobes. Forms roof of the posterior fossa Tent shaped. Tentorium and Falx cerebri fuse with one another. Separates the cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum

Dural venous sinuses- Provide openings for blood vessels and nerves
Superior sagittal sinus

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12
Q

Fourth ventricle goes to -

A

Central canal

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13
Q

Epidural hematomas are most commonly caused by the rupture of the:

A

Middle meningeal artery

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14
Q

The dura mater gets its blood supply from the:

A

Middle meningeal artery

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15
Q

What are the names of the apertures that come off of the 4th ventricles?

A

Foramen of Magendie and Foramen of Luschka

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16
Q

The falx cerebrix is a structure associated with the:

A

A. Dura mater

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17
Q

The 4th ventricle communicates or connects with what structure?

A

Subarachnoid cisterns

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18
Q

Middle Meningeal artery travels through what foramen?

A

Foramen Spinosum

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19
Q

Which space(s) or layer(s) is/are considered not “true” space(s)/layer(s) because it/they only show up because of a cranial bleed? Check all that apply

A

B. Subdural space. D. Epidural space

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20
Q

How many horns does the lateral ventricle have?

A

3

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21
Q

The lateral ventricle is connected to the 3rd ventricle by the?

A

Intraventricular foramen

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22
Q

The 4th ventricle is found within what 3 structures of the brain?

A

A. Pons, medulla, and cerebellum

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23
Q

The narrow, slit-shaped 3rd ventricle occupies most of the midline region of the:

A

Diencephalon

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24
Q

What makes up the choroid plexus?

A

Ependymal layer, Pia, Capillaries

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25
Temporal horn is located in ventricle?
Lateral ventricle
26
Cerebral spinal fluid produce
Produced by: choroid plexus within ventricles itself ~600 ml/day it is in the space of meninges
27
Cisterns
areas of increased subarachnoid space containing CSF
28
Cisterna magna
Largest Located: Inferior to cerebellum
29
Lumbar cistern
Cauda equina- collection of rootlets and nerves located: Lumbar puncture- no spinal cord tissue
30
Choroid Plexus Produces/composed of
Produces: CSF in all ventricles Composed of: Tufts of blood vessels (thin, fenestrated endothelial cells) Cover with a type of Modified ependymal cells (epithelium) Joined by tight junctions creating barrier regulating what can pass from the blood in these capillaries into the ventricules this called the CSF barriers Microvilli
31
CSF is a filtrate of
blood ventricular spaces
32
Trabeculae Granulation
Trabeculae - Delicate fibrous threads given off from the inner surface Granulations - Collection of villi, principal sites of reabsorption of CSF
33
Pia
Adheres to cortical surface- following every curve and sulcus, Thin
34
Epidural space (potential)
Middle meningeal artery, dura mater receives arterial blood from the middle meningeal artery from foramen spinosum from the external carotid artery, Giving blood supply to meninges leaves impression on the bone itself
35
Subdural (potential)
Area between the dura and arachnoid space Bridging veins - Connecting to the sinus area draining our blood supply
36
Subarachnoid space
Majority of Cerebral arteries & veins are transversing to get blood to and from brain, Fill with Cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
37
Dura venous sinus are where?
Between dura layers
38
Superior sagittal sinus location, size, contains
Location: Extends along superiorly attached border of the falx cerebri, Sizes: increasing in size as it progresses posteriorly Contains: venous lacunae
39
Straight sinus
Runs post. And infer. In the line of attachment of the falx cerebri and tentorium
40
Transverse sinus
Runs along the post., attached border of the tentorium cerebelli
41
Confluence of sinuses
Located at the internal occipital protuberance Superior sagittal sinus and transverse sinus are meeting
42
Dural Venous Sinuses drain into the
Internal Jugular Vein, this is how we get blood supply draining from our cerebrum
43
Meninges of spinal cord
Same 3 meningeal layers, filled with a cushion layer of fat, continues beyond inferior end of spinal cord, filum terminale continuous with pia mater
44
Filum terminale
continuous with pia mater
45
Epidural space (describe brain vs spinal cord)
Epidural space - brain potential Spinal cord - epidural space is an actual space and filled with fatty cushion layer in spinal cord
46
Intracranial hemorrhage Epidural hematoma
Epidural hematoma, Rupture of middle meningeal artery, Bleeding between dura and the bone, Dura separates from skull
47
Intercranial Hemorrhage Subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins- veins from subachronoid space transverse through sinus areas, Arachnoid separates from dura
48
Intercranial Hemorrhage Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
49
Intercranial Hemorrhage Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
50
What are ventricles?
Interconnected Spaces within the brain – ventricles formed from lumen neural cavity inside neural tube, Filled with CSF
51
Left and right ventricles
there are 4 different regions ## Footnote Frontal horn Body Occipital horn Temporal horn
52
Interventricular foramen
connects lateral ventricles to the third
53
Third ventricle
Can go from the lateral ventricle to the third ventricle via the interventicular forearm
54
Cerebral Aqueduct
Connects third ventricle with the fourth ventricle
55
Fourth ventricle
Roof of the fourth ventricle is Cerebellum
56
Central Canal
57
CSF can only have a volume of :
~ 150-250 ml total volume of CSF
58
Cerebral Spinal Fluid produced in
Lateral, third and fourth ventricles
59
Cerebral spinal fluid reabsorbed (drains) by
Arachnoid Villi into superior sagittal sinus
60
61
What is the layers of the brain
. Scalp- Skin, Connective tissue – Tela subcutanea , Aponeurotica- galea aponeurotica, Loose areolar connective tissue , Pericranium- Periosteum 2. Epidural space- Potential space between periosteum of inner surface of skull and dura, MMA 3. Dura mater – periosteal, meningeal layer, falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, Dural venous sinuses, superior sagittal sinus 4. Subdural space- Space between dura mater and arachnoid, contains bridging veins and cranial venous sinusesMMA 5. Arachnoid mater- granulations , trabeculae, adheres to the dura 5. Subarachnoid space- filled with CSF 6. Pia mater- adheres to brain

Meninges, ventricles (1 decks)

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