m) 9-Dec-13 Flashcards
Potential causes of false positives when measuring progesterone levels for PD in cows?
Measured 21D post service/AI (ideally 24)
- Incorrect timing of AI (AI’ed in dioestrous instead of oestrous, therefore measurement at 21D = second dioestrous)
- Prenatal death (was preg at time of test, then died)
- A luteal (thick walled) cyst producing prog
- Persistant CL (secondary to metritis)
What day can Oestrone Sulphate assay be used as a PD method?
in Cows: Milk of lactating dairy cows.
day 105. From fetal-placental unitIs
Can you differentiate the Corpus luteum of dioestrous from CL of pregnancy on rectal palpation?
NO
PD by palpating for ‘membrane-slip’ is actually feeling for the…
How many days post conception can this method be used?
allantochorion
35th to 40th day of pregnancy
Hypertrophy of the middle uterine artery is known as ____.
How many days post conception?
Fremitus. Do not confuse with pulse of other local arteries.
Middle uterine artery runs in the broad ligament
120 DAYS
At what point in gestation does the uterine ‘disappear’ over the pelvic brim?
From about three to five months of gestation. Due to weight of fetal fluids etc.
Why is diagnosis of pregnancy easier at 8 weeks or before, rather than later?
3-5 months post gestation the uterus is situated well over the pelvic brim therefore out of reach
Ideal time to rectally palpate cows for PD?
42 DAYS.
Why can observing oestrous during pregnancy be a poor/dangerous way of PD?
5% OF PREGNANT cows stand to be mounted (signs of oestrous), if this results in transcervical AI = breach the seal and can terminate the already developing foetus.
Natural insemination= not a problem as bull ejaculates into vagina instead
Why is it not possible to palpate the foetus BEFORE day 35?
Amniotic sac looses its turgidity from day 65.
Two bacteria that cause abortion in sheep
Clamydophila abortus (obligate intracellular pathogen) - outside body known as elementary bodies Campylobacter fetus
Campylobacter fetus veneralis is present asymptomatically on the _______
prepuce of mature bull. Causes catarrhal inflammation of genital tract, endometretis of cow = infertility
Diagnose via sheath washings
Golden period is defined as < __ hours after injury, a contaminated wound may be cleans and closed PRIMARILY without developing an injection
Six hours, a contaminated wound may be cleaned and closed primarily without developing an infection.
Misleading as bacteria have different virulences
Why is prophalactic use of antibiotics not required after the formation of granulation tissue?
Granulation tissue is resistant to infection.
When is delayed primary closure indicated?
Apposition of the skin edges performed 2-5 days after wounding. Indicated for contaminated wounds.
Wound closure in the presence of granulation tissue is known as _____closure
secondary closure.
What is second intention healing?
Disadvantages of this?
Healing by contraction and epithelialisation.
Generally reserved for dirty wounds
COSMETIC; NO HAIR GROWTH
Expensive if many bandage changes, hospital visits, prolonged healing
Wounds made ______ to tension lines will tend to close and have minimal tension
Wounds made PARALLEL to tension lines will tend to close and have minimal tension.
(Wounds perpendicular to tension lines will GAPE and have greater tension)
Deep skin grafts require the incision to be made DEEP to the ______to work as a graft
Cutaneous trunci (deep/subdermal plexus is closely associated to cutaneous trunci)
When doing a tension-releasing Z-plasty the central line of the Z has to be )))))) to the tension lines you are trying to overcome
Parallel to tension lines you want to overcome
A cow that has developed sudden onset fever, dullness and loss of appetite then aborts her calf. The cultures show it is a gram -ve organism. What is it most likely to be?
Salmonella Dublin
Bacteria invade from intestinal tract to blood. Cause a bacteraemia; localise in placenta = placentitis
Which VIRUS’ can cause abortion in cows? How are they spread?
BVDV: Respiratory/ Faecal-oral
BHV: Respiratory
SMV/ Bluetongue: Midges
Two puppies have died suddenly following a brief period of crying/ not feeding. What is the probable pathogen responsible?
Canine herpes virus-1
- Keep puppies warm (virus replicates at lower temperatures)
- Vaccinate the mother
Most common cause of abortion in a cat with enlarged lymph nodes?
Feline leukemia virus. Diagnosis a) dam: antigen test
b) aborted kittens: Immunofluorescence
