(M) Nematoda: Adenophorea (lecture-based) Flashcards by ASHLEY JARED DEFENSOR

Phylum

Nemathelminthes

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Class

Nematoda

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Either parasitic or free-living are worms classified under Metazoa

HELMINTHES

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Phyla

nematodes or roundworms

Nematoda

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Phyla

hair-snakes or gorgiid worms

Nematomorpha

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Phyla

trematodes (flukes), cestodes
(tapeworms), turbellaria

Platyhelminthes

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Phyla

thorny-headed worms

Acanthocephala

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Most of the medically important helminths are under the phylum?

Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

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TOF. They are provided with structures serving digestive, excretory, nervous, integumentary, and
reproductive functions.

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TOF. Species of phylum Platyhelminthes have separate sexes while Nematoda are mostly hermaphroditic.

F (opposite)

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Cup like structures, which enable them to attach and
maintain their position in the host’s body

Suckers or acetabula

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Among flukes and tapeworms, what glands secrete substances for the egg shell?

ootype and vitelline glands

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How many eggs per day can Ascaris lumbricoides lay>

200,000

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This are considered true roundworms

Nematodes

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basis for the severity of the infection

number of parasites present

some infection, size of worm determines the extent

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Majority of parasitic nematodes inhabits where?

intestinal tract of man

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TOF. Worms that develop first in other sites before
reaching the final habitat are likely to produce more
pathologic damage.

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the pattern of development

Egg - larva - adult

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This can also occur with some nematodes like
Strongyloides stercoralis, and Enterobius vermiculari

response of the body

Autoinfection

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Movement

body flexion

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Body cavity is called

no mesothelial lining cells

pseudocele

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This consists of a mouth, pharyngeal cavity, esophagus, intestine (foregut, midgut and hindgut), and rectum, which opens into the cloaca. Sperm cells are discharged through the cloaca.

digestive tract

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Esophagus

long, slender, simple, and muscular, seen among Strongyloidea.

Filariform

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Esophagus

muscular with three parts: proximal bulb, narrow isthmus, and distal body or corpus, as seen among free-living rhabditoids, parasitic oxyuroids, and free-living and non-infective strongyloids.

Rhabditiform

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# Esophagus with muscular anterior and glandular posterior, seen in most of the spiruroidea and filaroidea

Spiruroid

# Esophagus long, slender embedded in a row of emboidal esophageal glandular cells (stichocytes), seen among trichinelloidea

Stichosoma ## Footnote present in females

# Esophagus with short, muscular buccal structure with a waist, seen among ancylostomatidae

Strongyliform

excretory system consists of

excretory gland cells, lateral canals, and excretory pore

situated at the mid-ventral portion of the cephalic or cervical region

excretory pore

composed of fibers with dorsal, ventral, and lateral longitudinal trunks with transverse commissures

nervous system

nervous system is composed of fibers with dorsal, ventral, and lateral longitudinal trunks with transverse commissures, whereby the most important is the??? | MODIFIED ## Footnote NERVE CENTER MO SIYA BEH

circumesophageal ring (around the esophagues)

TOF. Most part of nematodes’ existence is under aerobic condition thus, they have a respiratory- or circulatory structures.

F (anaerobic environment, no respi and circulatory)

Males of most species have curved tail end and are, usually, provided with special structures such

copulatory spicule or bursa

# Male or Female repro amoeboid instead of flagella type

Male

# Male or Female repro consist of testis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, and ejaculatory duct, which open into the cloaca

Male

# Male or Female repro It may be single or double

female

# Male or Female repro They discharge eggs in the intestinal tract and are evacuated with the feces to be deposited in the environment

Female (oviparous worms)

# Male or Female repro Embryonation may take place in the intestine and therefore, the feces of the human host may contain larval forms and/or embryonated eggs

Female

Among bursate nematodes, the perianal or caudal cuticle is extended into an umbrella-like structure called

bursa (male)

Species with a single female reproductive system

Trichinella spiralis, trichuris trichiura

Species with a double female reproductive system

Ascaris, enterobius and hookworms

Embryonated eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides or Trichuris trichiura enter the body of man? What MOT

oral route

# Portal of Entry Eggs of Enterobius vermicularis are usually

inahaled (nasal route) or to a lesser extent, may also be ingested (oral route).

# Portal of Entry The infective larval stages of hookworms or Strongyloides stercoralis enter the body through?

skin penetration

# Portal of Entry The infective stages of filaria worms enter the human body through?

percutaneous (skin) route via bites of insect vectors.

# Portal of Entry What INFECTIVE larval forms can pass through the placenta or mammary glands resulting to infection of the unborn baby state the genus or species

Strongyloides stercoralis, Ancylostoma species, and Toxocara species, ## Footnote basically, the order strongyloida, rhabditida and ascaridoidea

# Transmission non-essential, but advantageous intermediate host

PARATHENESIS

# Host transport host (non-essential intermediate host) is called

PARATHENIC HOST

All nematodes are provided with a pair of lateral, tiny, receptors called?

amphids or lateral organs

Nematodes without caudal glands have a pair of lateral post-anal glands called

caudal chemoreceptors

species with caudal chemoreceptors

SECERNENTEA (PHASMIDS)

species without caudal chemoreceptors

ADENOPHOREA (APHASMIDS)

Non-parasitic and free-living subclass

adenophorea

Order of adenophorea

Edenoplidia

Superfamily of adenophorea

Trichuroidea ## Footnote looking at it right now, it doesn't make sense KASI MASYADO VAGYUE PLS DISREGARD - present asli

Genus of trichuroidea

Trichinella spiralis, Trichuris trichiura, Capillaria philippinensis

# TRICHURIS TRICHIURA AKA

Whipworm

# TRICHURIS TRICHIURA TOF. Has a cosmopolitan distribution but more in cold, dry regions of the world

F (warm, moist)

# TRICHURIS TRICHIURA Habitat

Anterior end embedded, the walls of the cecum. The worm may also be located in the walls of the appendix, colon, or the lower part of the ileum.

# TRICHURIS TRICHIURA TOF. Incidence is higher among adults than children.

# TRICHURIS TRICHIURA Diagnosed coexisting w/?

Ascaris lumbricoides

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA Eggs, deposited in moist, warm, and shaded soil, embryonate for a period of about?

3 weeks

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA Infective stage

embryonate egg

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA Some of the factors that can damage the egg, except: A. Direct sunlight B. Fermentation C. Desiccation D. Marked changes in oxygen and moisture

B ## Footnote All of that are correct except B

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA Manner of transmission

Man acquires the infection through ingestion of the embryonated eggs that contaminate foods, drinks, or fingers

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA Ingested eggs hatch where?

small intestine

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA After the hacth, where does the larvae enter?

crypts of the lower ileum and colon

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA TOF. The DEVELOPING LARVAE DO NOT, USUALLY, MOVE FROM THE ORIGINAL SITE of attachment until they mature into LARVAE

F (adult)

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA Maturation takes, approximately?

3 months

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHURIS TRICHIURA The adult worms copulate, and female lays eggs in the?

cecum

# PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura Where is the anterior part of the worm embedded?

cecum

# PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura Where is the posteior portion of the worm embedded?

not embedded, it's lying free in the lumen for copulation and discharge of eggs

# PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura TOF. MILD TO SEVERE INFECTION MAY BE ASYMPTOMATIC for a long, long time. Patients, developing diarrhea due to the parasite, may have edematous and friable intestinal mucosa.

mild to moderate

# PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura TOF. Occurence of anemia due to the amount of blood sucked by the parasites.

F (its due to blood loss from the friable mucosa)

# PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura This is developed due to prolonged massive infection

hypochromic anemia

# PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura In severe infection, this may lead to?

rectal prolapse

# PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura This produce no significant histologic changes at the attachment sites, except for minimal infiltration of?

* plasma cells * eosinophilic * lymphocytes * charcot leyden crystals (severe)

# PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura exudates from the colon is suggesting allergic response

Charcot leyden crystals

# PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Trichuris trichiura In children, diffuse colitis results to

chronic diarrhea ## Footnote Infection also results to chronic dysentery, abdominal cramps, and severe rectal tenesmus

Laboratory diagnosis

DFS

What can you demonstrate in DFS

Demonstration of eggs in concentrated feces or identification of expelled adults ## Footnote unembryonated (according sa lecture namin)

# TREATMENT AND PREVENTION: Trichuris trichiura This can be given

Mebendazole or Albendazole ## Footnote o Mebendazole is given as a first-line of treatment. o Mebendazole (100 mg), 2x a day for 3 days

# TREATMENT AND PREVENTION Prevention ## Footnote familiarize nalang

o Sanitary disposal of human feces o Chemical treatment of human feces prior to use as fertilizers o Health education, especially the children, on sanitation and personal hygiene o Control of insects and other animals that may mechanically transfer the infective eggs from the soil into foods or drinks

Cosmopolitan distribution but is less important as an infection of man in the tropics and the Orient than it is in Europe and the United States

TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS

# TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS AKA

Trichina worm or pork muscle round worm

# TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Sources of infection to man

pigs and rats

Gravid female inhabit?

walls of the lower part of the duodenum or the duodenojejunal junction (of man, rats and pigs)

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS What is deposited in the mucosa of small intestine?

L2 larvae

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Where is the L2 larvae deposited?

small intestine

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Where does the larvae encyst? (end-stage cycle in man)

glycogen poor tissues ## Footnote Larvae enter the intestinal lymphatic, go to the peripheral circulation, then to different parts of the body and lodged in glycogen poor tissues to encyst (end-stage cycle in man).

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Where are glycogen poor tissues located?

in constantly active muscles (used to be) like the myocardium, respiratory, and skeletal muscles

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Infective stage

Encysted larva ## Footnote present in raw or uncooked pork

# LIFE CYCLE: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS MOT

Ingestion of the infective stage present in inadequately cooked pork.

# PATHOLOGY: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS causes localized inflammation and necrosis of muscle tissues.

trichinosis

# PATHOLOGY: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Common sites

diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and other tissues that are constantly active

# PATHOLOGY: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Destruction and absorption of host tissues and larvae cause?

Generalized toxemia

# PATHOLOGY: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Numerous encysted larvae can cause widening of the gaps between muscle fibers resulting to?

pseudohypertrophy of muscles

# CLINICAL MANIFESTATION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS This stage shows with epigastric abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, and/or diarrhea.

Invasion

# CLINICAL MANIFESTATION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS This stage shows fever, myalgia, edema around the eyes, and tiny hemorrhages underneath the nails

larva migration

# CLINICAL MANIFESTATION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS This stage shows muscle pains, fever

encystation

# CLINICAL MANIFESTATION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS This stage shows generalized edema due to toxemia, muscle pains, fever, and mental apathy

tissue repair and recovery

# Laboratory diagnosis: Trichinella spiralis Enumarate (2)

Biopsy and serologic test

# Laboratory diagnosis: Trichinella spiralis Fresh muscle biopsy material maybe pressed between two slides after digestion method to demonstrate the?

unstained larvae.

# Laboratory diagnosis: Trichinella spiralis The biopsy of fresh muscle is based on demonstration of ?

encysted larvae

# Laboratory diagnosis: Trichinella spiralis Which serologic tests does not belong: A. ELISA B. Precipitation C. Complement fixation D. Bentonite flocculation test E. Bachmann intradermal test

# TREAMENT AND PREVENTION: Trichinella spiralis TOF. Trichinosis usually is self-limiting within a few months.

# TREAMENT AND PREVENTION: Trichinella spiralis The first line of treatment is?

* THIABENDAZOLE, * ALBENDAZOLE OR MEBENDAZOLE (same as T. trichiura)

# TREAMENT AND PREVENTION: Trichinella spiralis may be given in cases of allergic reactions when the larvae enter muscle tissue or when dead since larvae release chemicals in the muscle tissue.

Corticosteroids

# TREAMENT AND PREVENTION: Trichinella spiralis This is given to inhibit severity and protect myocardium and CNS.

ACTH ## Footnote hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain

* reached epidemic proportions during the years 1967 to 1970 and declined thereafter. * It also occurs on some islands of Leyte and some parts of Thailand. * There were some reported cases also from Taiwan, Japan, Egypt, and Iran.

Capillaria philippinensis or **Capillariasis**

# CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS AKA

pudok's worm ## Footnote causing the so called Pudok’s disease or Mystery disease.

# CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS Intermediate hosts

fish ## Footnote Philippines: o Hypseleotris bipartite o Ambassis miops o Eliotris melanosome o Bagsang (source of human intestinal Capillariasis) o Bagsit o Birut

# CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS source of human intestinal Capillariasis

Bagsang

# CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS first proven case of human infection was in 1963, in a male patient from

Ilocos Norte, Philippines

# CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS What was the first case diagnosis?

died with a diagnosis of malabsorption syndrome

# LIFE CYCLE: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS Inhabit (adult worms)

Mucosa of the small intestine, mainly jejunum

# LIFE CYCLE: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS Female worms are considered

BOTH LARVIPAROUS AND OVIPAROUS

# LIFE CYCLE: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS Where does embryonation takes place?

bodies of water

# LIFE CYCLE: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS this locally known fishes ingest the embryonated eggs, larvae are liberated, and encyst in the flesh of the fish

bagsang, bagsit and birut

# LIFE CYCLE: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS Fishes, locally known as BAGSANG, BAGSIT, AND BIRUT, ingest the embryonated eggs, larvae are liberated, and encyst in the flesh of the fish that later become?

L3 (larvae) | filariform beh ## Footnote INFECTIVE STAGE TO **MAN**

# PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS causes severe enteropathy characterized with?

massive loss of water and electrolytes ## Footnote leads to malabsorption

# PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS This leak into the intestinal tract

plasma proteins

# PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS Patients may manifest with gurgling sounds of the abdomen called ?

borborygmi

# PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS Patients may manifest with gurgling sounds of the abdomen called borborygmi due to?

massive peristalsis

# PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS The infection presents chronic diarrhea and borborygmus, which is described as voluminous, sprue-like stools up to 8x amounting to how many liters per day?

2L daily

# PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS Most of the adult worms, larvae and eggs are located between the?

mucosa and basement membrane of the intestinal glands

# PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS What are the inflammatory cells around the parasites

NONE | you just got Jerny-ed ## Footnote No inflammatory cells around the parasites

# PATHOLOGY: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS Death may occur until when?

2 weeks to 2 months | OoO ## Footnote due to pneumonia, heart failure, hypokalemia, and cerebral edema

# Diagnosis: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS Enumerate

* DFS * Intestinal bipsy * no serologic tests

# DIAGNOSIS: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS DFS and intestinal biopsy demonstrate?

adult worms, larvae, and eggs ## Footnote typical stage found in DFS is the egg and in severe infections the larvae and adult worm

# DIAGNOSIS: CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS Serologic tests

NONE

# TREATMENT AND PREVENTION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Treatment

Mebendazole and Albendazole (same with the last 2 sp.)

# TREATMENT AND PREVENTION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Mebendazole dosage

200 mg twice a day for 20 days to 30 days or until asymptomatic and there are no eggs present in the stool samples of the patient

# TREATMENT AND PREVENTION: TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS Albendazole dosage

400 mg, can be given once a day for 10 days

(M) Nematoda: Adenophorea (lecture-based) Flashcards

(135 cards)