Nitric acid Decalcification Time 1. 12-24 Hours 2. 2-7 Days 3. 12-24 Hours 4. 1-3 Days

1. Aqueous Nitric Acid Solution 10% 2. Perenyi's Fluid 3. Phloroglucin-Nitric Acid 4. Formol-Nitric Acid

[M] Week 9 Decalcification, Dehydration, Clearing, Impregnation, and Embedding

removal of calcium or lime salts are
removed from tissues (most especially bones and teeth) following fixation.

Decalcification

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It enables the histotechnologist to cut soft sections of the bone using the microtome, so that they can be processed like any other soft tissue of the body.

Decalcification

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should be done after fixation and before impregnation, to ensure and facilitate the normal cutting of sections and to prevent obscuring the microanatomic detail of such sections by bone dust and other cellular debris.

Decalcification

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What are the characteristics of a good decalcifying agent

Capable of removing calcium salts from tissues completely.
Without producing considerable destruction or distortion of cells and tissue components.
Without adversely affecting the staining capacity of the cell, particularly of the nucleus.

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What are the agents used in decalcification

Acids
Chelating Agents
Ion exchange resins
Electrical ionization (electrophoresis)

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the most widely used agents for routine decalcification of large amounts of bony tissues.
stable, readily available, and relatively inexpensive

Acid Decalcifying Agents

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What are the Acid Decalcfying Agens

Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Formic acid
Tricholoroacetic acid
Sulfurous acid
Chromic acid
Citric acid

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ACID DECALCIFYING AGENTS

the most common and the fastest decalcifying agent.
It is utilized both as a simple solution or combined with other reagents.
Representative formulations include:
o Aqueous Nitric Acid Solution 10%
o Formol-Nitric Acid
o Perenyi’s Fluid
o Phloroglucin-Nitric Acid

Nitric acid

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Nitric acid

Decalcification Time

12-24 Hours
2-7 Days
12-24 Hours
1-3 Days

Aqueous Nitric Acid Solution 10%
Perenyi’s Fluid
Phloroglucin-Nitric Acid
Formol-Nitric Acid

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Nitric acid

Advantage: Rapid action. Recommended for urgent biopsy,and for needle and small biopsy specimen.

Disadvantage: It imparts a yellow
color with nitrous acid, thereby
impairing the staining reaction of the tissue

Aqueous Nitric Acid Solution 10%

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Nitric acid

Advantage: Rapid action. Recommended for urgent biopsy.

Disadvantage: It imparts a yellow
color with nitrous acid. This may be prevented by neutralizing the tissue with 5% sodium sulfate and washing in running tap water for at least 12 hours

Formol-Nitric Acid

almost same with Aqueous Nitric
Acid Solution 10%

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Nitric acid

Advantage: Recommended for routine purposes.

Disadvantage: Complete decalcification cannot be determined by chemical test.

Perenyi’s Fluid

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Nitric acid

Advantage:
- Most rapid decalcifying agent.
* Recommended for urgent works.

Disadvantage:
* It imparts a yellow color (neutralized by 5% Sodium sulfate and water).
* Complete decalcification cannot be
determined by chemical test.

Phloroglucin-Nitric Acid

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inferior compared to nitric acid in its role as a decalcifying agent.
It has slower action and greater distortion of tissue produced on the section calcified.

Representative formulations include:
o Von Ebner’s Fluid

Hydrochloric acid

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Hydrochloric acid

Advantage:
- Moderately rapid decalcifying agent
- Recommended for teeth and small pieces of bone
- Does not require washing out before dehydration

Disadvantage:
- The extent of decalcification cannot be measured by a chemical test.

Decal time. Not mentioned

Von Ebner’s Fluid

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a moderate-acting decalcifying agent which produces better nuclear staining with less tissue distortion.
It is safer to handle than nitric acid or hydrochloric acid.
It is recommended for routine decalcification of postmortem research tissues.

Formic acid

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Formic acid

Decal Time: 2-7 days

Advantage:
* May be used both as a fixative and decalcifying agent
* Recommended for small pieces of bones and teeth
* Suitable for most routine surgical
specimens, particularly when IHC staining is needed

Disadvantage:
It requires neutralization with 5% Sodium sulfate and washing out to remove the acid from the tissue

Formic acid

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Formic acid

Decal Time: **3-14 days **

Advantage: Recommended for autopsy materials, bone marrow, cartilage and tissues studied forresearch purposes

Disadvantage: Requires neutralization with 5% Sodium Sulfate

Formic acid-Sodium
citrate Solution

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Decal time: 4-8 days

Advantage
* It permits good nuclear staining.
* It does not require washing out; the excess acid may be removed by several changes of 90% alcohol, thus improving tissue dehydration

Disadvantage
* It is a weak decalcifying agent, not used for dense tissues, and is suitable only for small spicules of bone.
* It is very slow-acting; hence, is not recommended for urgent examinations.

Trichloroacetic acid

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Its disadvantage is that it is a very weak decalcifying solution suitable only for minute pieces of bone.

Sulfurous acid

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Advantage: May be used both as a fixative and decalcifying agent

Disadvantage:
* Nuclear staining with hematoxylin is inhibited
* The extent of decalcification cannot be measured by a chemical test
* Highly corrosive to skin and mucous membranes
* Carcinogenic

Chromic acid (Flemming’s Fluid)

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Decal. time: 6 days

Advantage:
* It permits excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining.
- It does** not produce cell or tissue distortion**

Disadvantage:
* Its action is too slow for routine purposes.

Citric Acid-Citrate Buffer Solution (pH 4.5)

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substances which combine with calcium ions and other salts, such as iron and magnesium deposits, to form weakly dissociated complexes and faclitate removal of calcium salts.

Chelating agents

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The most common chelating agent in the market is

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) salt

commercial name of VERSENE

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This chelating agent is recommended only for **detailed microscopic studies**

**ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)** salt, with the commercial name of **VERSENE**,

Although EDTA is traditionally referred as “acid”, it does not act like inorganic or organic acids, but it binds with metallic ions, notably?

calcium and magnesium

Decal. time: * **1-3 weeks** for *small specimens* * It may take **6-8 weeks or longer** to totally decalcify *dense cortical bone* Advantage: * An **excellent bone decalcifier for IHC or enzyme staining**, and for electron microscopy Disadvantage: * **Very slow decalcifying agent**. After nearly 2 months, a diagnosis is still pending as the specimen is not ready to be cut because the tissue is still hard.

Neutral EDTA

- hastens decalcification by removing **calcium ions from formic acid** containing decalcifying solutions, thereby *increasing solubility from the tissue*. * It is **not recommended for fluids containing mineral acids** such as nitric acid or hydrochloric acid.

Ion exchange resin (ammonium form of polystyrene resin)

Decal time: **1-14 days** Advantage * The degree of decalcification may be **measured by physical or x-ray method** Disadvantage * The degree of decalcification cannot be measured by a **chemical means** * It is **very slow**, and is therefore not recommended for urgent and routine purposes

Ion exchange resin (ammonium form of polystyrene resin)

- a process whereby **positively charged calcium ions** are attracted to a **negative electrode** and subsequently removed from the decalcifying solution. * You can facilitate the removal of your calcium by **applying electricity** in your specimen.

Electrophoresis (Electrical Ionization)

* The time required for decalcification is thereby **shortened** due to the *heat and electrolytic* reaction produced in the process. * The principle is similar to that of chelating agents, with the main difference that this process utilizes electricity and is dependent upon a **supply of direct current** to *remove the calcium deposits*

Electrophoresis (Electrical Ionization)

# Electrophoresis (Electrical Ionization) Advantage * This method is satisfactory for ____ ____ ____, processing only a limited number of specimens at a time. Disadvantage * Good cytologic and histologic details are, however, not always preserved in tissues that have been ____ ____

- small bone fragments - electrically decalcified

What are the factors affecting decalcification procdure

1. Concentration and Volume of Decalcifying Agent 2. Temperature 3. Mechanical Agitation 4. Size and Consistency of The Tissue

# Concentration and Volume of Decalcifying Agent The recommended ratio of fluid to tissue volume for decalcification is?

20: 1

# Concentration and Volume of Decalcifying Agent Specimens in the decalcifying solution should be?

fully submerged and overflowing

# Concentration and Volume of Decalcifying Agent TOF The concentration of active agents will affect the rate at which calcium is removed. In general, more concentrated acid solutions decalcify bone more slowly, but are more harmful to the tissue.

False (more RAPIDLY)

# Concentration and Volume of Decalcifying Agent High concentrations and greater amounts of fluid will?

increase the speed of the process

# Temperature (Decalcifying) The optimum temperature so far recommended is?

room temperature range of **18°C -30°C**

# Temperature (Decalcifying) TOF Decalcifying agents are **faster at a higher temperature**

**True** High temperatures are avoided as it may cause tissue distortion by increasing the damaging effects of acids on tissue.

# Temperature (Decalcifying) TOF Microwave, sonication and electrolytic methods produce heat, and must be carefully monitored to prevent excessive temperatures that damage tissue.

True

# Mechanical Agitation (Decalcification) Gentle agitation may affect the decalcification in what way?

increase the rate of decalcification Gentle fluid agitation is achieved by low-speed rotation, rocking, stirring or bubbling air into the solution

# Mechanical Agitation (Decalcification) TOF fucking agitation and moving of the tissue in solution usually influences fluid exchange, accelerates the rate of diffusion and speeds up the decalcificationprocess

False (Mechanical Agitation) not fucking

# Mechanical Agitation (Decalcification) vigorously agitates both specimen and fluid, and may cause **disruption of tissue**, with formation of cellular debris on the floor of the container.

SONICATION

# Size and Consistency of The Tissue (Decalcification) TOF smaller tissues are quicker to decalcify while larger and dense bone tissues take more time

True

# Size and Consistency of The Tissue (Decalcification) give the time to decalcifiy tissue and dense bone

- Tissue (**24-48 hours**) - Dense bone (**14 days**) For dense bone tissue it usually require more In such cases, the solution should be **changed daily** to ensure better penetration and to test for the degree of decalcification.

What are the ways to measure the extent of Decalcification

1. Physical or Mechanical Test 2. X-Ray or Radiological Method 3. Chemical (Calcium Oxalate Test)

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION Require manipulation, bending, probing or trimming of the specimen to “feel” for remaining calcified areas

Physical or Mechanical Test While this method may be successful in experienced hands it is generally **considered to be unreliable**

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION Disadvantage of Physical or Mechanical test

**subjective** (what’s soft for you is not necessarily soft for everyone else)

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION during the physical test, what can occure during **bending** or **probing** and small deposits of calcium can easily be missed

Mechanical Damage

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION A method of determining the endpoint by carefully weighing the specimen after rinsing and blotting has also been described, and may be an effective method for large specimens.

Physical or Mechanical Test

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION An alternate method of evaluating tissues mechanically is by?

**pricking the tissue with a fine needle** or a **probe**. This method is apt to produce needle tract artifacts and destroy important cellular details ## Footnote Pricking, slicing, bending or squeezing tissue can disrupt soft tumors from the bone or cause false positive microfractures of fine trabeculae, leading to a potential misdiagnosis.

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION *Physical or Mechanical Test* usually have diminished consistency and are often softer to touch

Decalcified tissues

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION The BEST METHOD, particularly with **large specimens** such as femoral heads

X-RAY OR RADIOLOGICAL METHOD

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION The most ideal, most sensitive and most reliable method of determining extent of decalcification due to its ability to detect even the **smallest focus of calcium** which appears **opaque in an X-ray plate. **

X-RAY OR RADIOLOGICAL METHOD ## Footnote X-ray films are colored white and when it undergoes Xray, it turns the film black. Bones in X-rays appear white due to calcium blocking off the radiation this is the principle behind using X-ray for checking the extent of decalcification

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION What are the disadvantages of X-ray or Radiological Method

- Very expensive - NOT recommended for mercuric chloride-fixed tissues due to the latter's characteristic radio-opacity which will interfere with the correct interpretation of the plate. - Exposure to radiation-

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION * A **simple, reliable and convenient** method recommended for *routine purposes* * Detection of calcium in acid solutions by precipitation of insoluble **calcium hydroxide or calcium oxalate**

CHEMICAL METHOD (CALCIUM OXALATE TEST)

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION what are the solutions needed for chemical method?

- Ammonium hydroxide, concentrated - Saturated aqueous ammonium oxalate

# MEASURING THE EXTENT OF DECALCIFICATION Give the result of the Chemical method 1. **cloudiness** indicates that there is still calcium found in the solution. Need for further decalcification. 2. solution **remains clear** after neutralization

1. INCOMPLETE decalcification 2. COMPLETE decalcification

# Post-Decalcification After decalcification is complete, the acid can be removed from tissues or

neutralized chemically ## Footnote This acid is interfering with the rest of the processing; hence we need to remove it.

# Post-Decalcification To remove the, immerse the tissues in?

- saturated lithium carbonate solution - 5-10% aqueous bicarbonate solution | Other options include running water, formol saline, PBS

# Post-Decalcification Adequate water rinsing for - Small specimen - Larger specimen | give the time

- 30 minutes for small specimens - 1-4 hours for larger specimens

# Post-Decalcification Acid decalcified tissues for frozen sections must be **thoroughly washed** in water or stored in?

- formol-saline containing 15% sucrose - phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with 15-20% sucrose at 4°C before freezing.

* The process of **removing intercellular and extracellular water** from the tissue following fixation and prior to wax impregnation * It involves slow substitution of the water in the tissue with an organic solvent.

dehydration

Most dehydrating agents are **strong organic solvents.** which may cause

SHRINKAGE and EXTRACTION of cell components

# Dehydration To minimize the effects of shrinkage and extraction, dehydrating agents are used in a?

**graded series for short periods of time**, and **water** is* gradually replaced* so that violent osmotic changes do not produce distortions

# Dehydration TOF In HISTOPATH, drying is never used in specimens and tissues are never dried. Drying is the removal of water by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid.

True

# CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL DEHYDRATING AGENT 1. It should dehydrate ____ without producing considerable shrinkage or distortion of tissues. 2. It should NOT ____ very fast. 3. It should be able to dehydrate even ____. 4. It should NOT harden tissues ____. 5. It should NOT remove ____. 6. It should NOT be ____ to the body. 7. It should NOT be a ____ hazard.

1. Rapidly 2. Evaporate 3. Fatty tissues 4. Stains 5. Toxic 6. Fire Hazard

# CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL DEHYDRATING AGENT Dehydrating agents should not be less than ____ the volume of the tissue

10 times

# CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL DEHYDRATING AGENT * Dehydration times should be as ____ as possible. * Almost any water miscible, ____ ____ can be used as a dehydrating agent

1. Brief 2. Anhydrous fluid

What are the commonly used DEHYDRATING AGENS

1. **Alcohol** (most common) - particularly, **ETHANOL** 2. Acetone 3. Dioxane 4. Cellosolve 5. Triethyl phosphate 6. Tetrahydrofuran

What are the dehydrating agents under alcohol

- Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) - Methanol - Butyl alcohol - Isopropanol - Pentanol

# Dehydrating Agents - the alcohol **recommended** for **routine dehydratio**n of tissues. * It is a clear, colorless, flammable fluid. * It is considered to be the **BEST DEHYDRATING AGENT** because it is fast-acting, it mixes with water and many organic solvents, and it penetrates tissues easily. * It is not poisonous and not very expensive.

Ethanol

# Dehydrating Agents **Toxic dehydrating agent**, primarily employed for blood and tissue films and for smear preparations.

Methanol

# Dehydrating Agents Utilized in **plant and animal microtechniques**, is a s**low dehydrating agent**, producing *less shrinkage and hardening* than ethyl alcohol and is recommended for tissues which **do not require rapid processing.**

Butyl Alcohol

# Dehydrating Agents ADVANTAGES: - Excellent substitute for ethanol - Less shrinkage and hardening than ethanol DISADVANTAGES: Cannot be used in the celloidin technique since **nitrocellulose**, which is one of the impregnating agents, is insoluble in it

Isopropanol

# Dehydrating Agents ADVANTAGES: - Miscible with some of the organic solvents—90% alcohol, toluene, and xylene DISADVANTAGES: - Toxic - Cannot be used in poorly ventilated rooms - Not miscible with water

Pentanol

# ALCOHOLS IN GENERAL TOF 1. It is advisable to transfer fixed tissues directly from water or aqueous fixative directly into absolute ethanol. 2. It is not advisable to remove water gently and allow the tissue to slowly adjust to its removal. 3. The more delicate the tissue, the more gently this should be done.

1. False (it is not advisable) 2. False (It is advisable) 3. True

# Dehydrating Agent - is a **cheap**, **rapid-acting dehydrating agent** utilized for **most urgent biopsies** which dehydrates in **1/2 to 2 hours.** - a **clear, colorless fluid** that mixes with water, ethanol and most organic solvents.

Acetone

# Dehydrating Agent * more miscible with **epoxy** **resins** than alcohol, but is highly flammable and requires considerable care in handling. * It is **rapid in action** but *penetrates tissues poorly* and causes brittleness in tissues that are placed in acetone for prolonged periods of time.

Acetone

# Dehydrating Agent Acetone - TOF 1. Most **lipids** are removed from tissues with this dehydrating agent. 2. Its use has been limited only to large pieces of tissues due to its extreme volatility and inflammability. 3. Because of considerable tissue shrinkage produced, acetone is recommended for routine dehydration purposes

1. True 2. False (Small pieces) 3. False (NOT reco)

- both an excellent **dehydrating and clearing agen**t readily miscible in water, melted paraffin, alcohol and xylol. * It produces **less tissue shrinkage** as *compared to alcohol dehydration.* * Aside from being **expensive**, also **extremely dangerous**, and this is its main disadvantage.

DIOXANE (DIETHYLENE DIOXIDE)

# DIOXANE (DIETHYLENE DIOXIDE) In Gregorio’s, there are 2 methods what are those

Graupner’s method and Weiseberger’s method | dioxane processing dehydration

# DIOXANE (DIETHYLENE DIOXIDE) Time schedule for dehydration with dioxane: - (1st) Pure dioxane solution 1 hour - (2nd) Pure dioxane solution 1 hour (3rd) Pure dioxane solution 2 hours (1st) Paraffin wax 15 mins. - (2nd) Paraffin wax 45 mins. - (3rd) Paraffin wax 2 hours Embed in mold and cool in water

Graupner’s Method

# DIOXANE (DIETHYLENE DIOXIDE) * Tissue is **wrapped in a gauze bag** and suspended in a bottle containing dioxane and a little anhydrous calcium oxide * Eater is displaced from the tissue by dioxane and in turn absorbed by calcium oxide orquicklime * Dehydration period: **3 - 24 hours**

Weiseberger’s Method

# Dehydrating Agent - dehydrates rapidly. * **Ethylene glycol** ethers are combustible at 110-120°F and are toxic by inhalation, skin contact and ingestion

CELLOSOLVE (ETHYLENE GLYCOL MONOETHYL ETHER)

# Dehydrating Agent * **Rapid dehydrating agent** as it *removes water very readily*. * Produces **limited distortion and hardening of tissue** * It is soluble in alcohol, water, ether, benzene, chloroform, acetone and xylene.

TRIETHYLPHOSPHATE

# Dehydrating Agent - is a reagent that both **dehydrates and clears tissues** since it is *miscible in both water and paraffin.* * It can dissolve many substances including fats and is in itself miscible with lower alcohols, ether, chloroform, acetone, benzene and xylene. * **toxic** if ingested or inhaled. * It causes **less shrinkage and easier cutting** of sections with fewer artifacts.

TETRAHYDOFURAN (THF)

also called as **de-alcoholization**, is the process whereby alcohol or a dehydrating agent is removed from the tissue and **replaced with a substance that will dissolve the wax** with which the tissue is to be impregnated (e.g. paraffin) or used as the medium on which the tissue is to be mounted (e.g. Canada balsam)

Clearing

# CLEARING TOF After removing water from the tissue through dehydration, it becomes saturated with alcohol. However, for the tissue to be sliced thinly and effectively infiltrated, it needs to be properly prepared. Alcohol and paraffin are not compatible, so a clearing step is necessary.

True

# CLEARING During clearing, the alcohol is replaced with a substance that can blend with both alcohol and paraffin, ensuring the tissue is adequately prepared for further processing. In clearing, we will remove the ____ and substitute it with something else. That ‘something else’ should be miscible with both the alcohol and the paraffin.

Alcohol

# CLEARING When dehydrating agent has been entirely replaced by the solvent, the tissue has a ____ ____; hence, the use of the term “clearing agent”

translucent appearance

# CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD CLEARING AGENT 1. It should be ____ to promote rapid removal of the dehydrating agent from the tissue 2. It should be miscible with, and easily removed by melted ____ and/or by mounting medium to facilitate impregnation and mounting of sections 3. It should not produce ____, hardening and damage to tissue 4. It should not dissolve out ____ 5. It should not evaporate quickly in ____ 6. It should make tissues ____

1. Miscible with alcohol 2. Paraffin wax 3. shrinkage 4. aniline dyes 5. water bath 6. transparent

COMMONLY USED CLEARING AGENTS

1. Xylene (most common) 2. Toluene 3. Benzene 4. Chloroform 5. Cedarwood oil 6. Aniline oil 7. Clove oil 8. Carbon tetrachloride

# Clearing Agents * **Most commonly used** in histology laboratories * Used for **clearing, embedding and mounting** procedures

Xylene (Xylol)

# Clearing Agents * May be used as a substitute for **xylene or benzene** for clearing both during embedding and mounting processes

Toluene

# Clearing Agents Preferred by some as clearing agent in the embedding process of tissues.

Benzene

# Clearing Agents Slower in action than xylene, but causes less brittleness

Chloroform

# Clearing Agents * Not common * It is used to **clear both paraffin and celloidin sections** during the embedding process. * It is especially recommended for **central nervous system tissues and cytological studies**, particularly of smooth muscles and skin

Cedarwood Oil

# Clearing Agents * This is not normally utilized as a routine clearing agent * However, it is recommended for **clearing embryos, insects and very delicate specimens** due to its ability to clear 70% alcohol without excessive tissue shrinkage and hardening

Aniline Oil

# Clearing Agents This reagent causes minimum shrinkage of tissues

Clove Oil

# Clearing Agent Match the Clearing time 1. 30- mins to 1 hour 2. 2-3 days 3. 1-2 hours 4. 15-60 mins A. Xylene (Xylol) B. Toluene C. Benzene D. Cedarwood Oil .

1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C

# Clearing Agent Advantage * It is generally suitable for most routine histologic processing schedules of **less than 24 hours** and when tissue block size is **less than 5 mm in thickness** Disadvantage * Highly inflammable and should be appropriately stored

Xylene (Xylol)

# Clearing Agent Disadvantage: * More expensive than xylene and **more toxic,** so less commonly used

Toluene

# Clearing Agent Advantage * It penetrates and clears tissues rapidly * It is rapid acting, hence is recommended for **urgent biopsies** (15-60 minutes) and routine purposes Disadvantage * Used to be a popular routine clearing agent until **highly carcinogenic propertie**s were recognized

Benzene

# Clearing Agent Advantage * Thicker **tissue blocks (up to I cm)** can be processed. Disadvantage * Tissues placed in chloroform **DO NOT become translucent**.

Chloroform

# Clearing Agent Disadvantage * It requires two changes in clearing solution.

Cedarwood Oil

# Clearing Agent Disadvantage * Has tendency to become **adulterated**. * Wax impregnation after clearing with clove oil is **slow and difficult** * Tissues become brittle, aniline dyes are removed, and celloidin is dissolved. * **Expensive**

Clove Oil

# Clearing Agent what are the other xylene substitutes

* Tetrahydrofuran * Dioxane * Terpenes * Limonene * Orange oil based-derived from fruits * Chlorinated hydrocarbons * Coconut Oil * Bleached Palm Oil * Methyl Benzoate and Methyl Salicylate

# Clearing Agent *OTHER XYLENE SUBSTITUTES* Are isoprene polymers found in essential oils originally derived from plants, though some are now synthesized.

Terpenes

# Clearing Agent *OTHER XYLENE SUBSTITUTES* - One of the recommended xylene substitutes from the terpene family - A volatile oil found in citrus peels which goes by several trade names.

[M] Week 9 Decalcification, Dehydration, Clearing, Impregnation, and Embedding - Part 1 Flashcards

(110 cards)