M-Z Flashcards
IT Support Certificate glossary M-Z (471 cards)
1
Q
MAC(Media Access Control) address:
A
MAC(Media Access Control) address: A globally unique identifier attached to an individual network interface. It’s a 48-bit number normally represented by six groupings of two hexadecimal numbers
2
Q
MAC address:
A
MAC address: A globally unique identifier attached to an individual network interface. It’s a 48-bit number normally represented by six groupings of two hexadecimal numbers
3
Q
MAC filtering:
A
MAC filtering: Access points are configured to only allow for connections from a specific set of MAC addresses belonging to devices you trust
4
Q
Mac OS:
A
Mac OS: Apple’s operating system
5
Q
MACs (Message Authentication Codes):
A
MACs (Message Authentication Codes): A bit of information that allows authentication of a received message, ensuring that the message came from the alleged sender and not a third party masquerading as them
6
Q
Maintenance:
A
Maintenance: Where software is updated and hardware issues are fixed if, and when, they occur
7
Q
Malware:
A
Malware: A type of malicious software that can be used to obtain your sensitive information or delete or modify files
8
Q
Manifest:
A
Manifest: A library used if an application needs to use a shared library
9
Q
Master boot record (MBR):
A
Master boot record (MBR): a traditional partition table within a storage disk that lets you have volume sizes of 2 terabytes or less and is mostly used in the Windows OS
10
Q
Master file table (MFT):
A
Master file table (MFT): A way NTFS stores and represents the files you?re working with on your operating system
11
Q
Mb/s:
A
Mb/s: megabit per second, which is a unit of data transfer rate
12
Q
MD5:
A
MD5: A popular and widely used hash function designed in the early 1990s as a cryptographic hashing function
13
Q
MDM policy:
A
MDM policy: The profiles that contains settings for the device
14
Q
MDM profile:
A
MDM profile: The policies that contains settings for the device
15
Q
Meddler in the middle (formerly known as Man in the Middle):
A
Meddler in the middle (formerly known as Man in the Middle): An attack that places the attacker in the middle of two hosts that think they’re communicating directly with each other
16
Q
Memory controller chip (MCC):
A
Memory controller chip (MCC): A bridge between the CPU and the RAM
17
Q
Memory management:
A
Memory management: One of the functions that a kernel performs; it optimizes memory usage and make sure our applications have enough memory to run
18
Q
Memory manager:
A
Memory manager: A Windows OS program that helps manage virtual memory
19
Q
Memory usage:
A
Memory usage: The amount of memory available in your system as well as what memory is currently being used by other applications
20
Q
Mesh networks:
A
Mesh networks: Like ad-hoc networks, lots of devices communicate with each other device, forming a mesh if you were to draw lines for all the links between all the nodes
21
Q
Metadata:
A
Metadata: Tells us everything we need to know about a file, including who created it, when it was last modified, who has access to it, and what type of file it is
22
Q
Metered connection:
A
Metered connection: An internet connection where all data transfer usage is tracked. Cell phone plans that have a limit on data usage per month or that charge based on usage are examples of metered connections
23
Q
MIC (Message Integrity Check):
A
MIC (Message Integrity Check): It is essentially a hash digest of the message in question
24
Q
Micro display port:
A
Micro display port: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices
25
Micro HDMI:
Micro HDMI: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices
26
Microsoft Install Package(.msi) and MSI files:
Microsoft Install Package(.msi) and MSI files: Microsoft Install Package is a file extension used to guide a program called Windows Installer in the installation, maintenance, and removal of programs of the windows operating systems. MSI files are a combination of of databases that contain installation instructions in different tables along with all the files
27
Microsoft Terminal Services Client:
Microsoft Terminal Services Client: A client program used to create RDP connections to remote computers
28
Micro USB:
Micro USB: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices
29
Mini HDMI:
Mini HDMI: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices
30
Mini USB:
Mini USB: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices
31
Mobile applications:
Mobile applications: Software that is distributed on mobile OS devices
32
Mobile device management:
Mobile device management: A system used to apply and enforce rules about how the device has to be configured and used
33
Modify:
Modify: An umbrella permission that includes read and execute and write
34
Modulation:
Modulation: A way of varying the voltage of a constant electrical charge moving across a standard copper network cable
35
Monitor mode:
Monitor mode: It allows to scan across channels to see all wireless traffic being sent by APs and clients
36
Motherboard:
Motherboard: The body or circulatory system of the computer that connects all the pieces together
37
Mounting:
Mounting: Making a file or hard disk accessible to the computer
38
Multicast
Multicast: A way of addressing groups of hosts all at once
39
Multicast frame:
Multicast frame: If the least significant bit in the first octet of a destination address is set to one, it means you're dealing with a multicast frame. A multicast frame is similarly set to all devices on the local network signal, and it will be accepted or discarded by each device depending on criteria aside from their own hardware MAC address
40
Multifactor authentication (MFA):
Multifactor authentication (MFA): A system where users are authenticated by presenting multiple pieces of information or objects
41
Multilingual user interface:
Multilingual user interface: Interface that offers and support different languages
42
Multiplexing:
Multiplexing: It means that nodes on the network have the ability to direct traffic toward many different receiving services
43
MX record:
MX record: It stands for mail exchange and this resource record is used in order to deliver email to the correct server
44
Name resolution:
Name resolution: This process of using DNS to turn a domain name into an IP address
45
NAS device:
NAS device: A network attached storage device that has hard drives to automatically create backups and store data
46
Network:
Network: The interconnection of computers
47
Network Address Translation (NAT):
Network Address Translation (NAT): A mitigation tool that lets organizations use one public IP address and many private IP addresses within the network
48
Network Address Translation (NAT):
Network Address Translation (NAT): A mitigation tool that lets organizations use one public IP address and many private IP addresses within the network
49
Network file system:
Network file system: A protocol that enables files to be shared over a network
50
Network hardening:
Network hardening: Is the process of securing a network by reducing its potential vulnerabilities through configuration changes, and taking specific steps
51
Networking:
Networking: Managing, building and designing networks
52
Networking protocols:
Networking protocols: A set of rules for how we transfer data in a network
53
Network layer:
Network layer: It's the layer that allows different networks to communicate with each other through devices known as routers. It is responsible for getting data delivered across a collection of networks
54
Network port:
Network port: The physical connector to be able to connect a device to the network. This may be attached directly to a device on a computer network, or could also be located on a wall or on a patch panel
55
Network separation (network segmentation):
Network separation (network segmentation): A good security principle for an IT support specialists to implement. It permits more flexible management of the network, and provides some security benefits. This is the concept of using VLANs to create virtual networks for different device classes or types
56
Network software hardening
Network software hardening: Includes things like firewalls, proxies, and VPNs
57
Network stack:
Network stack: A set of hardware or software that provides the infrastructure for a computer
58
Network switch:
Network switch: It is a level 2 or data link device that can connect to many devices so they can communicate. It can inspect the contents of the Ethernet protocol data being sent around the network, determine which system the data is intended for and then only send that data to that one system
59
Network time protocol (NTP):
Network time protocol (NTP): A network protocol used to synchronize the time between the authenticator token and the authentication server
60
Next header field:
Next header field: Defines what kind of header is immediately after this current one
61
Next hop:
Next hop: The IP address of the next router that should receive data intended for the destination networking question or this could just state the network is directly connected and that there aren't any additional hops needed. Defined as part of the routing table
62
NIST:
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology
63
Node:
Node: Any device connected to a network. On most networks, each node will typically act as a server or a client
64
Non-metered connection:
Non-metered connection: A connection where your data usage is not tracked or limited, instead you are charged a flat fee for unlimited and unrestricted usage. A Wi-Fi connection is an example of a non-metered connection
65
Non-routable address space:
Non-routable address space: They are ranges of IPs set aside for use by anyone that cannot be routed to
66
Normalization:
Normalization: It's the process of taking log data in different formats and converting it into a standardized format that's consistent with a defined log structure
67
Northbridge:
Northbridge: interconnects stuff like RAM and video cards
68
NS record:
NS record: It indicates other name servers that may also be responsible for a particular zone
69
NTP:
NTP: Network Time Protocol, keeping clocks synchronized on machines connected to a network
70
NTP servers
NTP servers: Used to keep all computers on a network synchronized in time
71
NVMe (NVM Express):
NVMe (NVM Express): interface standard which allows greater throughput of data and increased efficiency
72
OAuth:
OAuth: An open standard that allows users to grant third-party websites and applications access to their information without sharing account credentials
73
Octet:
Octet: Any number that can be represented by 8 bits
74
One-time password (OTP):
One-time password (OTP): A short-lived token, typically a number that's entered along with a username and password
75
One-time password (OTP) tokens
One-time password (OTP) tokens: Another very common method for handling multifactor
76
One-way cryptographic hash:
One-way cryptographic hash: The method used by AD to store passwords
77
OpenID:
OpenID: An open standard that allows participating sites known as Relying Parties to allow authentication of users utilizing a third party authentication service
78
OpenLDAP (lightweight directory access protocol):
OpenLDAP (lightweight directory access protocol): An open source and free directory service
79
Open source:
Open source: This means the developers will let other developers share, modify, and distribute their software for free
80
Open SSH:
Open SSH: The most popular program to use SSH within Linux
81
Operating system:
Operating system: The whole package that manages our computers resources and lets us interact with it
82
Optical Network Terminator:
Optical Network Terminator: Converts data from protocols the fiber network can understand to those that are more traditional twisted pair copper networks can understand
83
Options field:
Options field: It is sometimes used for more complicated flow control protocols
84
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI):
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI): The first three octets of a MAC address
85
Organizational units (OU):
Organizational units (OU): A hierarchical model of objects and containers that can contain objects or more organizational units
86
Organizational units (OUs):
Organizational units (OUs): Folders that let us group related objects into units like people or groups to distinguish between individual user accounts and groups that accounts can belong to
87
OSI model:
OSI model: A model used to define how network devices communicate. This model has seven layers that stack on top of each other: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application
88
OTA update:
OTA update: A type of update that is installed by the mobile device itself
89
Overclocking:
Overclocking: it increases the rate of your CPU clock cycles in order to perform more tasks
90
Packaged archives:
Packaged archives: The core or source software files that are compressed into one file
91
Packaged managers:
Packaged managers: An application that makes package installation and removal easier
92
Packet sniffing (packet capture):
Packet sniffing (packet capture): the process of intercepting network packets in their entirety for analysis
93
Padding field:
Padding field: A series of zeros used to ensure the header is the correct total size
94
Pairing:
Pairing: When a wireless peripheral connects to a mobile device, and the two devices exchange information, sometimes including a PIN or password, so that they can remember each other
95
Pairwise Transient Key (PTK):
Pairwise Transient Key (PTK): It is generated using the PMK, AP nonce, Client nonce, AP MAC address, and Client MAC address
96
Parameter:
Parameter: A value that is associated with a command
97
Parent directory & child directories:
Parent directory & child directories: A parent directory is a directory that houses all subsequent child directories
98
Parent group:
Parent group: Groups that are principal groups and contain other groups
99
Partition:
Partition: A logical division of a hard disk that is treated as a separate unit by operating systems and file systems
100
Partition table:
Partition table: How the disk is partitioned on an OS
101
Password attacks:
Password attacks: Utilize software like password crackers that try and guess your password
102
Password salt:
Password salt: Additional randomized data that's added into the hashing function to generate the hash that's unique to the password and salt combination
103
Patch panel:
Patch panel: A device containing many physical network ports
104
Paths:
Paths: A main directory that branches off and holds other directories and files
105
Payload:
Payload: The actual data being transported, which is everything that isn't a header
106
Payload length field:
Payload length field: 16-bit field that defines how long the data payload section of the datagram is
107
PBKDF2 (Password Based Key Derivation Function 2):
PBKDF2 (Password Based Key Derivation Function 2): Password Based Key Derivation Function 2
108
PC:
PC: Personal computer, which technically means a computer that one person uses
109
PCI DSS:
PCI DSS: Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
110
PCI Express:
PCI Express: Peripheral Component Interconnect Express
111
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant):
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant): Allows computing to go mobile
112
Penetration testing:
Penetration testing: The practice of attempting to break into a system or network to verify the systems in place
113
Peripherals:
Peripherals: the external devices which we connect to our computer that add functionality, like: a mouse, a keyboard, and a monitor
114
Permission denied:
Permission denied: An error message you might find when accessing a protected file
115
Personal package archives:
Personal package archives: A software repository for uploading source packages to be built and published
116
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) encryption:
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) encryption: An encryption application that allows authentication of data along with privacy from third parties relying upon asymmetric encryption to achieve this
117
Phishing attack:
Phishing attack: It usually occurs when a malicious email is sent to a victim disguised as something legitimate
118
PHPLDAPadmin:
PHPLDAPadmin: A tool to manage OpenLDAP
119
Physical layer:
Physical layer: It represents the physical devices that interconnect computers
120
Physical tokens:
Physical tokens: They take a few different forms, such as a USB device with a secret token on it, a standalone device which generates a token, or even a simple key used with a traditional lock
121
PIN authentication method:
PIN authentication method: It uses PINs that are eight-digits long, but the last digit is a checksum that's computed from the first seven digits
122
Ping flood:
Ping flood: It sends tons of ping packets to a system. If a computer can't keep up with this, then it's prone to being overwhelmed and taken down
123
Pin Grid Array (PGA):
Pin Grid Array (PGA): CPU socket where the pins are located on the processor itself
124
PKI system:
PKI system: A system that defines the creation, storage and distribution of digital certificates
125
Platform as a service:
Platform as a service: A subset of cloud computing where a platform is provided for customers to run their services
126
Platform key:
Platform key: It's the public key corresponding to the private key used to sign the boot files
127
Platform services:
Platform services: A platform for developers to completely build and deploy software applications, without having to deal with OS maintenance, server hardware, networking or other services that are needed to use the platform tools
128
Plink (PuTTY Link):
Plink (PuTTY Link): A tool built into the command line after PuTTY is installed that is used to make remote SSH connections
129
Pointer resource record:
Pointer resource record: It resolves an IP to a name
130
Point-To-Point VPN:
Point-To-Point VPN: Establishes a VPN tunnel between two sites but VPN tunneling logic is handled by network devices at either side, so that users don't all have to establish their own connections
131
Policies:
Policies: Settings that are reapplied every few minutes, and aren?t meant to be changed even by the local administrators
132
Port:
Port: It is a 16-bit number that's used to direct traffic to specific services running on a networked computer
133
Portable Executable (PE) format:
Portable Executable (PE) format: Windows unique version of .exe
134
Port forwarding:
Port forwarding: A technique where specific destination ports can be configured to always be delivered to specific nodes
135
Port mirroring:
Port mirroring: Allows the switch to take all packets from a specified port, port range, or the entire VLAN and mirror the packets to a specified switch port
136
Port preservation
Port preservation: A technique where the source port chosen by a client, is the same port used by the router
137
Ports:
Ports: Connection points that we can connect devices to that extend the functionality of our computer
138
POST (Power On Self Test):
POST (Power On Self Test): It figures out what hardware is on the computer
139
Post-fail analysis:
Post-fail analysis: Investigating how a compromise happened after the breach is detected
140
Post mortem:
Post mortem: A way for you to document any problems you discovered along the when recovering data, and the ways you fixed them so you can make sure they don't happen again
141
Powershell:
Powershell: A shell (program that interprets text commands) for Windows
142
Power supply:
Power supply: Converts electricity from our wall outlet onto a format that our computer can use
143
Power user:
Power user: Above average computer users
144
Preamble:
Preamble: The first part of an Ethernet frame, it is 8 bytes or 64 bits long and can itself be split into two sections
145
Precedence:
Precedence: When computers are processing the Group Policy Objects that apply to them, all of these policies will be applied in a specific order based on a set of precedents rules
146
Presentation layer:
Presentation layer: It is responsible for making sure that the unencapsulated application layer data is actually able to be understood by the application in question
147
Pre-shared key:
Pre-shared key: It's the Wi-Fi password you share with people when they come over and want to use your wireless network
148
Preventative measures:
Preventative measures: Any procedures or systems in place that will proactively minimize the impact of a disaster
149
Primary account:
Primary account: The initial account you made during setup
150
Principle of least privilege:
Principle of least privilege: Helps to ensure that sensitive data is only accessed by people who are authorized to access it
151
Privacy policies:
Privacy policies: Oversees the access and use of sensitive data
152
Private cloud:
Private cloud: When a company owns the services and the rest of the cloud infrastructure, whether on-site or in a remote data center
153
Processes:
Processes: Help the computer run programs
154
Process Explorer:
Process Explorer: A utility Microsoft created to let IT support specialists and system administrators look at running processes
155
Process ID:
Process ID: Unique identifier for processes on your computer
156
Process management:
Process management: The capacity to manage the many programs in a system - when to run them, the order they run in, how many resources they take up, how long they run, et cetera
157
Process monitoring:
Process monitoring: A way of monitoring what processes are happening during installation
158
Process scheduler:
Process scheduler: The part of the kernel that makes multitasking possible
159
Procurement:
Procurement: Hardware is purchased or reused for an employee
160
Production:
Production: The parts of the infrastructure where certain services are executed and serve to its users production
161
Programming:
Programming: Coding in a programming language
162
Programming language:
Programming language: Special languages that software developers use to write instructions for computers to execute
163
Programs: ,
Programs: Basic instructions that tell the computer what to do, The applications that we can run
164
Promiscuous mode:
Promiscuous mode: A type of computer networking operational mode in which all network data packets can be accessed and viewed by all network adapters operating in this mode
165
Prompt:
Prompt: A prompt shows you which directory you?re currently in
166
Protocol:
Protocol: A defined set of standards that computers must follow in order to communicate properly is called a protocol
167
Protocol field:
Protocol field: A protocol field is an 8-bit field that contains data about what transport layer protocol is being used
168
Proxy:
Proxy: Can be useful to protect client devices and their traffic. They also provide secure remote access without using a VPN
169
Proxy server:
Proxy server: An intermediary between a company's network and the Internet, receiving network traffic and relaying that information to the company network
170
Proxy service
Proxy service: A server that acts on behalf of a client in order to access another service
171
Pseudo-random:
Pseudo-random: Something that isn't truly random
172
PSH flag:
PSH flag: One of the TCP control flags. PSH is short for push. This flag means that the transmitting device wants the receiving device to push currently- buffered data to the application on the receiving end as soon as possible
173
Public cloud:
Public cloud: The cloud services provided by a third party
174
Public cloud:
Public cloud: The cloud services provided by a third party
175
Public DNS servers
Public DNS servers: Name servers specifically set up so that anyone can use them for free
176
Public key authentication:
Public key authentication: A key pair is generated by the user who wants to authenticate
177
Public key signatures:
Public key signatures: Digital signature generated by composing the message and combining it with the private key
178
Punch cards:
Punch cards: A sequence of cards with holes in them to automatically perform calculations instead of manually entering them by hand
179
Quad A (AAAA) record:
Quad A (AAAA) record: It is very similar to an A record except that it returns in IPv6 address instead of an IPv4 address
180
Qwiklabs:
Qwiklabs: An online platform which provides training in cloud services
181
RA (Registration Authority):
RA (Registration Authority): It is responsible for verifying the identities of any entities requesting certificates to be signed and stored with the CA
182
RAID (redundant array of independent disks):
RAID (redundant array of independent disks): A method of taking multiple physical disks and combining them into one large virtual disk
183
Rainbow table attacks:
Rainbow table attacks: To trade computational power for disk space by pre-computing the hashes and storing them in a table
184
Rainbow tables:
Rainbow tables: A pre-computed table of all possible password values and their corresponding hashes
185
RAM:
RAM: Random Access Memory
186
Random numbers:
Random numbers: A very important concept in encryption because it avoids some kind of pattern that an adversary can discover through close observation and analysis of encrypted messages over time
187
Ransomware:
Ransomware: A type of attack that holds your data or system hostage until you pay some sort of ransom
188
RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4):
RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4): Asymmetric stream cipher that gained widespread adoption because of its simplicity and speed
189
Read and execute permission:
Read and execute permission: Permissions that grant you access to read the file that exists and execute it if its runnable
190
Read permission:
Read permission: Permissions that grant you access to read the file that exists
191
Read-write replicas:
Read-write replicas: Domain controllers in the Active Directory network that each have a complete copy of the AD database and are able to make changes to it
192
Receiving address:
Receiving address: The MAC address of the access point that should receive the frame
193
Recoverability:
Recoverability: How complicated and time-consuming the recovery effort will be
194
Recursive name servers:
Recursive name servers: Servers that perform full DNS resolution requests
195
Re-flash:
Re-flash: A way to preserve end-user data on a device that you plan on resetting
196
Regions:
Regions: A geographical location containing a number of data centers
197
Registers:
Registers: An accessible location for storing the data that our CPU works with
198
Registrar:
Registrar: An organization responsible for assigning individual domain names to other organizations or individuals
199
Regular expression:
Regular expression: A pattern matching language that describes words, phrases, or more complicated patterns; regular expressions are used to help you do advanced pattern based selection
200
Reimaging:
Reimaging: The process of reimaging involves wiping and reinstalling an operating system using a disk image which is a copy of an operating system
201
Relative path:
Relative path: It is a path from your current directory
202
Remote attestation:
Remote attestation: The idea of a system authenticating its software and hardware configuration to a remote system
203
Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS):
Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS): A protocol that provides AAA services for users on a network
204
Remote connection:
Remote connection: The ability to connect an authorized person to a computer or network remotely; allows us to manage multiple machines from anywhere in the world
205
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP): A secure network communication protocol developed by Microsoft that allows a user to connect to another device remotely
206
Remote wipe:
Remote wipe: A factory reset that you can trigger from your central MDM rather than having to do it in person on the device
207
Replication:
Replication: the store directory data is copied and distributed across a number of physically distributed servers but still appears as one unified data store for querying and administering
208
Replication failure:
Replication failure: A reason that a GPO might fail to apply as expected
209
Repository:
Repository: A server that acts like a central storage location for packages
210
Reproduction case:
Reproduction case: Recreating an error to test a solution to make sure the problem is gone after a fix has been applied
211
Reset:
Reset: When an SysAdmin restores or resets the password of a user
212
Resource monitoring:
Resource monitoring: The most common way to quickly take a peek at how system resources are doing
213
Restart:
Restart: A command that will let the machine reboot to complete a domain join
214
Restoration procedures:
Restoration procedures: A recovery process and process needs to be tested regularly that is documented and accessible so that anyone with the right access can restore operation when needed
215
Resultant set of policy (RSOP):
Resultant set of policy (RSOP): The policy that forms when all of the group policies have been grouped together for a specific machine and apply precedence rules to them
216
Retirement:
Retirement: Hardware becomes unusable or no longer needed, and it needs to be properly removed from the fleet
217
Return merchandise authorization (RMA):
Return merchandise authorization (RMA): The process of receiving returned merchandise and authorizing a refund
218
Reverse lookup zone files:
Reverse lookup zone files: They let DNS resolvers ask for an IP, and get the FQDN associated with it returned
219
Reverse proxy:
Reverse proxy: A service that might appear to be a single server to external clients, but actually represents many servers living behind it
220
RGB model:
RGB model: RGB or red, green, and blue model is the basic model of representing colors
221
Risk:
Risk: The possibility of suffering a loss in the event of an attack on the system
222
Risk assessment:
Risk assessment: Allows you to prioritize certain aspects of the organization that are more at risk if there?s an unforeseen event
223
Risk mitigation:
Risk mitigation: Understanding the risks your systems face, take measures to reduce those risks, and monitor them
224
Rogue Access Point (AP) Attack:
Rogue Access Point (AP) Attack: An access point that is installed on the network without the network administrator's knowledge
225
Rogue DHCP server attack:
Rogue DHCP server attack: An attacker can hand out DHCP leases with whatever information they want by deploying a rogue DHCP server on your network, setting a gateway address or DNS server, that's actually a machine within their control
226
Role-based access control (RBAC):
Role-based access control (RBAC): The process of changing a persons group that they are a part of when they have changed roles within a company to limit or change their access to resources
227
Rollback:
Rollback: Reverting to the previous state before you made changes
228
ROM chip (Read Only Memory):
ROM chip (Read Only Memory): A read-only memory chip where the BIOS is stored
229
Root cause:
Root cause: The main factor that's causing a range of issues
230
Root certificate authority:
Root certificate authority: They are self signed because they are the start of the chain of trust, so there's no higher authority that can sign on their behalf
231
Root directory:
Root directory: A parent directory for all other directories in a file system
232
Rootkit:
Rootkit: A collection of software or tools that an admin would use
233
Root user:
Root user: It is the first user that gets automatically created when we install a Linux OS and has all the privileges on the OS. Also called the super user. There's technically only one superuser or root account, but anyone that's granted access to use their powers can be called a superuser too
234
Round robin:
Round robin: It is a concept that involves iterating over a list of items one by one in an orderly fashion
235
Router:
Router: A device that knows how to forward data between independent networks
236
Routing protocols:
Routing protocols: Special protocols the routers use to speak to each other in order to share what information they might have
237
RPM:
RPM: Revolutions per minute
238
RSA:
RSA: One of the first practical asymmetric cryptography systems to be developed, named for the initials of the three co-inventors: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman
239
RSOP report:
RSOP report: The process of troubleshooting group policy and comparing what you expect to be applied to a computer and the resultant set of policy report
240
RST flag:
RST flag: One of the TCP control flags. RST is short for reset. This flag means that one of the sides in a TCP connection hasn't been able to properly recover from a series of missing or malformed segments
241
SACL?s:
SACL?s: System Access Control List
242
Safe operating temperature:
Safe operating temperature: The temperature range in which rechargeable batteries must be kept in order to avoid demanage
243
SATA:
SATA: The most popular serial ATA drive, which uses one cable for data transfers
244
Scalability:
Scalability: The measure of a system?s ability to increase or decrease in performance and cost in response to varying loads in system processing demands
245
Screen lock:
Screen lock: A security feature that helps prevent unwanted access by creating an action you have to do to gain entry
246
Script:
Script: It is run by an interpreter, which interprets the code into CPU instructions just in time to run them
247
Scripting:
Scripting: Coding in a scripting language
248
Scripts:
Scripts: Mainly used to perform a single or limited range task
249
SD devices:
SD devices: Mass storage devices like hard drives
250
SDRAM:
SDRAM: It stands for Synchronous DRAM, this type of RAM is synchronized to our systems' clock speed allowing quicker processing of data
251
Secondary or stand-by machine:
Secondary or stand-by machine: A machine that is the same as a production machine, but won't receive any traffic from actual users until enabled
252
Secure boot protocol:
Secure boot protocol: It uses public key cryptography to secure the encrypted elements of the boot process
253
Secure channel:
Secure channel: It is provided by IPsec, which provides confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of data being passed
254
Secure copy:
Secure copy: A command you can use in Linux to copy files between computers on a network
255
Secure element:
Secure element: It's a tamper resistant chip often embedded in the microprocessor or integrated into the mainboard of a mobile device
256
Secure Shell (SSH):
Secure Shell (SSH): A secure network protocol that uses encryption to allow access to a network service over unsecured networks
257
Security:
Security: It's all about determining risks or exposure understanding the likelihood of attacks; and designing defenses around these risks to minimize the impact of an attack
258
Security account manager (SAM):
Security account manager (SAM): A database in windows that stores user names and password
259
Security filtering:
Security filtering: A tool to make group policies apply more selectively
260
Security group:
Security group: One of the two categories that groups in Active Directories can be part of, they can contain user accounts, computer accounts or other security groups
261
Security information and event management systems (SIEMS):
Security information and event management systems (SIEMS): Form of centralized logging for security administration purposes
262
Security keys:
Security keys: Small embedded cryptoprocessors, that have secure storage of asymmetric keys and additional slots to run embedded code
263
Security patch:
Security patch: A piece of software that is meant to fix up a security hole
264
Security principal:
Security principal: Any entity that can be authenticated by the system, such as a user account, a computer account, or a thread or process that runs in the security context of a user or computer account
265
Security through obscurity:
Security through obscurity: The principle that if no one knows what algorithm is being used or general security practices, then one is safe from attackers
266
Seed value:
Seed value: A secret value that is used to initialize a process that is generated by software using one or more values
267
Self-signed certificate:
Self-signed certificate: This certificate has been signed by the same entity that issued the certificate
268
Sequence control field:
Sequence control field: A field that is 16 bits long and mainly contains a sequence number used to keep track of ordering the frames
269
Sequence number:
Sequence number: A 32-bit number that's used to keep track of where in a sequence of TCP segments this one is expected to be
270
Serial number:
Serial number: A unique identifier for their certificate assigned by the CA which allows the CA to manage and identify individual certificates
271
Server:
Server: A device that provides data to another device that is requesting that data, also known as a client
272
Server:
Server: Software or a machine that provides services to other software or machines
273
Server logs:
Server logs: Text files that contains recorded information about activities performed on a specific web server in a defined period of time
274
Server operating systems:
Server operating systems: Regularly operating systems that are optimized for server functionality
275
Server or Service:
Server or Service: A program running on a computer waiting to be asked for data
276
Servers:
Servers: Devices that provide data to other devices that request that data, also known as a client
277
Service discovery:
Service discovery: One of the services that the domain controller provides to the clients
278
Service type field:
Service type field: A eight bit field that can be used to specify details about quality of service or QoS technologies
279
Session hijacking (cookie hijacking):
Session hijacking (cookie hijacking): A common meddler in the middle attack
280
Session key:
Session key: The shared symmetric encryption key using TLS sessions to encrypt data being sent back and forth
281
Session layer:
Session layer: The network layer responsible for facilitating the communication between actual applications and the transport layer
282
Session manager subsystem:
Session manager subsystem: Process that is in charge of setting some stuff up to work for the OS
283
Severity:
Severity: Includes factors like what and how many systems were compromised and how the breach affects business functions
284
SHA1:
SHA1: It is part of the secure hash algorithm suite of functions, designed by the NSA and published in 1995
285
Shannon's maxim:
Shannon's maxim: It states that the system should remain secure, even if your adversary knows exactly what kind of encryption systems you're employing, as long as your keys remain secure
286
Shared folders:
Shared folders: A way to share files between computers on the same network on Windows
287
Shell:
Shell: A program that interprets text commands and sends them to the OS to execute
288
Shortcut:
Shortcut: An entry in the MFT that has a reference to some destination, so that when you open it up, you get taken to that destination
289
Short-range wireless network:
Short-range wireless network: It is what mobile devices uses to connect to their peripherals
290
Side-by-side assemblies:
Side-by-side assemblies: A system that manages most shared libraries and resources on Windows and supports access to multiple versions of the same shared library automatically
291
Side-loading:
Side-loading: A process of installing mobile apps directly without using an app store
292
Signal:
Signal: A way to tell a process that something has just happened
293
Simple authentication and security layer (SASL):
Simple authentication and security layer (SASL): The authentication method that can employ the help of security protocols like TLS, it requires the client and the directory server to authenticate using some method
294
Simple permissions:
Simple permissions: Special or specific permissions
295
Simplex communication:
Simplex communication: A form of data communication that only goes in one direction across a cable
296
Single point of failure:
Single point of failure: When one system in a redundant pair suffers a failure
297
Single sign on (SSO):
Single sign on (SSO): An account that grants you access to multiple accounts without require constant entry of a password or username
298
SOC (System On a Chip):
SOC (System On a Chip): Packs the CPU, Ram, and sometimes even the storage onto a single chip
299
Social engineering:
Social engineering: An attack method that relies heavily on interactions with humans instead of computers
300
Socket:
Socket: The instantiation of an endpoint in a potential TCP connection
301
Softlinks:
Softlinks: A shortcut in Linux, that allows us to link to another file using a file name
302
Software:
Software: The intangible instructions that tell the hardware what to do
303
Software as a Service (SaaS):
Software as a Service (SaaS): A way of licensing the use of software to others while keeping that software centrally hosted and managed
304
Software bug:
Software bug: An error in software that causes unexpected results
305
Software management:
Software management: A broad term used to refer to any and all kinds of software that are designed to manage or help manage some sort of project or task
306
Software services:
Software services: The services that employees use that allow them to do their daily job functions, such as word processors, Internet browsers, email clients, chat clients, and more
307
Software signing certificate:
Software signing certificate: Trust mechanism where a software vendor can cryptographically sign binaries they distribute using a private key
308
Source MAC address:
Source MAC address: The hardware address of the device that sent the ethernet frame or data packet. In the data packet it follows the destination MAC address
309
Source port:
Source port: A high numbered port chosen from a special section of ports known as ephemeral ports
310
Southbridge:
Southbridge: It maintains our IO or input/output controllers, like hard drives and USB devices that input and output data
311
Spear phishing:
Spear phishing: Phishing that targets individual or group - the fake emails may contain some personal information like your name, or the names of friends or family
312
Spoofing:
Spoofing: When a source is masquerading around as something else
313
Spyware:
Spyware: The type of malware that's meant to spy on you
314
SQL Injection Attack:
SQL Injection Attack: An attack that targets the entire website if the website is using a SQL database
315
SRV record:
SRV record: A service record used to define the location of various specific services
316
SSD:
SSD: Solid State Drive
317
SSH (Secure shell)
SSH (Secure shell): A protocol implemented by other programs to securely access one computer from another
318
SSH authentication key:
SSH authentication key: A secure authentication method for accessing a computer from other device
319
SSH client:
SSH client: A program you must have installed on your device in order to establish an SSH connection with another device
320
SSH server:
SSH server: Software installed on a machine that allows for that device to accept an SSH connection
321
SSL/TLS Client Certificate:
SSL/TLS Client Certificate: Certificates that are bound to clients and are used to authenticate the client to the server, allowing access control to a SSL/TLS service
322
SSL 3.0:
SSL 3.0: The latest revision of SSL that was deprecated in 2015
323
Standard error (stderr):
Standard error (stderr): A data stream that redirects the output of error messages in a different output stream. It works both in Linux and Windows
324
Standard In (stdin):
Standard In (stdin): A data stream in which the input that you provide through the keyboard goes to the standard in stream of the process that you're interacting with. It works both in Linux and Windows
325
Standardization:
Standardization: A systematic way of naming hosts
326
Standard out (stdout):
Standard out (stdout): A data stream that, when a process creates output, it adds data to the standard out stream, which flows out of the process. It works both in Linux and Windows
327
Standard user:
Standard user: A user who is given access to the machine but has restricted access to do thing like install software or change certain setting
328
Standoffs:
Standoffs: Used to raise and attach your motherboard to the case
329
Start Frame Delimiter (SFD):
Start Frame Delimiter (SFD): The last byte in the preamble, that signals to a receiving device that the preamble is over and that the actual frame contents will now follow
330
Start of authority:
Start of authority: A declaration of the zone and the name of the name server that is authoritative for it
331
StartTLS
StartTLS: It permits a client to communicate using LDAP v3 over TLS
332
Static IP address:
Static IP address: An IP address that must be manually configured on a node
333
Steganography:
Steganography: The practice of hiding information from observers, but not encoding it
334
Stream ciphers:
Stream ciphers: It takes a stream of input and encrypts the stream one character or one digit at a time, outputting one encrypted character or digit at a time
335
Subdirectories:
Subdirectories: A directory below or at a deeper level in the directory hierarchy
336
Subject:
Subject: This field contains identifying information about the entity the certificate was issued to
337
Subject Public Key Info:
Subject Public Key Info: These two subfields define the algorithm of the public key along with the public key itself
338
Subnet mask:
Subnet mask: 32-bit numbers that are normally written as four octets of decimal numbers
339
Subnetting:
Subnetting: The process of taking a large network and splitting it up into many individual smaller sub networks or subnets
340
Substitution cipher:
Substitution cipher: An encryption mechanism that replaces parts of your plaintext with ciphertext
341
Suspended apps:
Suspended apps: A command that will tell the OS to suspend background mobile apps
342
Swap space:
Swap space: The allocated space where the virtual memory is stored on the hard drive when the amount of physical memory space is used up or full
343
Switches:
Switches: Devices that help our data travel
344
Symbolic links:
Symbolic links: Work similarly to shortcuts, but at the file system level. The key difference is that the operating system treats them like substitutes for the file they're linked to in almost every meaningful way
345
Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL):
Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL): A device that establishes data connections across phone lines and has upload and download speeds that are the same
346
Symmetric key algorithm:
Symmetric key algorithm: Encryption algorithms that use the same key to encrypt and decrypt messages
347
SYN_RECEIVED:
SYN_RECEIVED: A TCP socket state that means that a socket previously in a listener state, has received a synchronization request and sent a SYN_ACK back
348
SYN_SENT:
SYN_SENT: A TCP socket state that means that a synchronization request has been sent, but the connection hasn't been established yet
349
SYN flag:
SYN flag: One of the TCP flags. SYN stands for synchronize. This flag is used when first establishing a TCP connection and make sure the receiving end knows to examine the sequence number field
350
SYN flood:
SYN flood: The server is bombarded with SYN packets
351
Sysinternals package:
Sysinternals package: A set of tools released by Microsoft that can help you troubleshoot
352
System:
System: A group of hardware components and software components that work together to fun the programs or processes in the computer
353
System Administration:
System Administration: The field in IT that is responsible for maintaining reliable computer systems, in a Multi-user environment
354
System properties:
System properties: A control panel applet that allows you to edit the size and number and location of paging files
355
Systems administrator (sysadmin):
Systems administrator (sysadmin): A person who works only in system administration, configuring servers, monitoring the network, provisioning, or setting up new users in computers and taking responsibility of systems
356
System settings:
System settings: Settings like display resolution, user accounts, network, devices, etc
357
System software:
System software: Software used to keep our core system running, like operating system tools and utilities
358
Tab completion:
Tab completion: A way to auto-complete a command or file names and directories
359
TACACS+:
TACACS+: It is a device access AAA system that manages who has access to your network devices and what they do on them
360
Tailgating:
Tailgating: Gaining access into a restricted area or building by following a real employee in
361
Task bar:
Task bar: It gives us quick options and shows us information like network connectivity, the date, system notifications, sound etc
362
Task Manager:
Task Manager: A Windows utility that allows you to gain information about what tasks you have running in the background
363
T-Carrier technologies:
T-Carrier technologies: Technologies Invented to transmit multiple phone calls over a single link. Eventually, they also became common transmission systems to transfer data much faster than any dial-up connection could handle
364
TCP checksum:
TCP checksum: A mechanism that makes sure that no data is lost or corrupted during a transfer
365
Tcpdump:
Tcpdump: It's a super popular, lightweight command-line based utility that you can use to capture and analyze packets
366
TCP segment:
TCP segment: A payload section of an IP datagram made up of a TCP header and a data section
367
TCP window:
TCP window: The range of sequence numbers that might be sent before an acknowledgement is required
368
Terminal:
Terminal: A text based interface to the computer
369
Termination signal:
Termination signal: A kill command that will stop whatever process you tell it to
370
Test environment:
Test environment: A virtual machine running the same configuration as a production environment, but isn't actually serving any users of the service
371
Thermal paste:
Thermal paste: A substance used to better connect our CPU and heat sink, so the heat transfers from to the other better
372
Threat:
Threat: The possibility of danger that could exploit a vulnerability
373
Threats & password policies:
Threats & password policies: Protects Data & IP, Data Protection, Infrastructure Defense, Identity Management, and users
374
Ticket granting service (TGS):
Ticket granting service (TGS): It decrypts the Ticket Granting Ticket using the Ticket Granting Service secret key, which provides the Ticket Granting Service with the client Ticket Granting Service session key
375
Time-based token (TOTP):
Time-based token (TOTP): A One-Time-Password that's rotated periodically
376
Time slice:
Time slice: A very short interval of time that gets allocated to a process for CPU execution
377
Time-To-Live field (TTL):
Time-To-Live field (TTL): An 8-bit field that indicates how many router hops a datagram can traverse before it's thrown away
378
TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol):
TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol): To address the shortcomings of WEP security
379
TLS 1.2:
TLS 1.2: The current recommended revision of SSL
380
TLS 1.2 with AES GCM:
TLS 1.2 with AES GCM: A specific mode of operation for the AES block cipher that essentially turns it into a stream cipher
381
TLS Handshake:
TLS Handshake: A mechanism to initially establish a channel for an application to communicate with a service
382
Top Level Domain (TLD):
Top Level Domain (TLD): The top level of the DNS or the last part of a domain name. For example, the ?com? in www.weather.com
383
Total hops:
Total hops: The total number of devices data passes through to get from its source to its destination. Routers try to choose the shortest path, so fewest hops possible. The routing table is used to keep track of this
384
Total length field:
Total length field: A 16-bit field that indicates the total length of the IP datagram it's attached to
385
TPM (Trusted Platform Module):
TPM (Trusted Platform Module): This is a hardware device that's typically integrated into the hardware of a computer, that's a dedicated crypto processor
386
Traffic class field:
Traffic class field: An 8-bit field that defines the type of traffic contained within the IP datagram and allows for different classes of traffic to receive different priorities
387
Transfer Control Protocol (TCP):
Transfer Control Protocol (TCP): A protocol that handles reliable delivery of information from one network to another
388
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP):
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): The data transfer protocol most commonly used in the fourth layer. This protocol requires an established connection between the client and server
389
Transmitter address:
Transmitter address: The MAC address of whatever has just transmitted the frame
390
Transport layer:
Transport layer: The network layer that sorts out which client and server programs are supposed to get the data
391
Transport mode:
Transport mode: One of the two modes of operations supported by IPsec. When used, only the payload of the IP packet is encrypted, leaving the IP headers untouched
392
Trim:
Trim: A command to delete unused data blocks so the space can be used for the computer?s storage needs
393
Trojan:
Trojan: Malware that disguises itself as one thing but does something else
394
Troubleshooting:
Troubleshooting: The ability to diagnose and resolve a problem
395
Trusted execution environment (TEE):
Trusted execution environment (TEE): It provides a full-blown isolated execution environment that runs alongside the main OS
396
TTL:
TTL: The lifetime limit of data given in seconds. This number can be configured by the owner of a domain name for how long a name server is allowed to cache in entry before it should discard it and perform a full resolution again
397
Tunnel:
Tunnel: It is provided by L2TP, which permits the passing of unmodified packets from one network to another
398
??Tunnel mode:
??Tunnel mode: One of the two modes of operations supported by IPsec. When used, the entire IP packet, header, payload, and all, is encrypted and encapsulated inside a new IP packet with new headers
399
Twisted pair cable:
Twisted pair cable: The most common type of cabling used for connecting computing devices. It features pairs of copper wires that are twisted together
400
Two-factor authentication:
Two-factor authentication: A technique where more than just a username and password are required to authenticate. Usually, a short-lived numerical token is generated by the user through a specialized piece of hardware or software
401
TXT record:
TXT record: It stands for text and was originally intended to be used only for associating some descriptive text with a domain name for human consumption
402
Type-C connector:
Type-C connector: A type of USB connector meant to replace many peripheral connections
403
Types of DNS servers:
Types of DNS servers: There are five primary types of DNS servers; caching name servers, recursive name servers, root name servers, TLD name servers, and authoritative name servers
404
U2F (Universal 2nd Factor):
U2F (Universal 2nd Factor): It's a standard developed jointly by Google, Yubico and NXP Semiconductors that incorporates a challenge-response mechanism, along with public key cryptography to implement a more secure and more convenient second-factor authentication solution
405
Ubuntu:
Ubuntu: The most popular Linux consumer distribution
406
UEFI:
UEFI: United Extensible Firmware Interface, a new standard for BIOS
407
Unbind:
Unbind: It closes the connection to the LDAP server
408
Unicast transmission:
Unicast transmission: A unicast transmission is always meant for just one receiving address
409
Uniform Resource Locator (URL):
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): A web address similar to a home address
410
Universal:
Universal: The tool that is used to group global roles in a forest
411
Unix epoch:
Unix epoch: It is the number of seconds since midnight on January first, 1970. It's a 'Zero Hour' for Unix based computers to anchor their concept of time
412
Urgent pointer field:
Urgent pointer field: A field used in conjunction with one of the TCP control flags to point out particular segments that might be more important than others
413
URG flag:
URG flag: One of the TCP control flags. URG is short for urgent. A value of one here indicates that the segment is considered urgent and that the urgent pointer field has more data about this
414
USB (Universal Serial Bus):
USB (Universal Serial Bus): A connection standard for connecting peripherals to devices such as computers
415
USB-C adapter:
USB-C adapter: One of the standard power, data and display connector types used in mobile devices
416
User configuration:
User configuration: Contained within a Group Policy Object (GPO)
417
User Datagram Protocol (UDP):
User Datagram Protocol (UDP): A transfer protocol that does not rely on connections. This protocol does not support the concept of an acknowledgement. With UDP, you just set a destination port and send the data packet
418
User Groups:
User Groups: The management of resources on a computer and on a network through organizing user accounts into various groups
419
User name:
User name: A unique identifier for a user account
420
Username and password authentication:
Username and password authentication: Can be used in conjunction with certificate authentication, providing additional layers of security
421
User space:
User space: The aspect of an operating system that humans interact with directly like programs, such as text editors, music players, system settings, user interfaces, et cetera
422
UTF-8:
UTF-8: The most prevalent encoding standard used today
423
UUID:
UUID: Universally Unique ID
424
Validity:
Validity: This field contains two subfields, Not Before and Not After, which define the dates when the certificate is valid for
425
Variable:
Variable: Files that constantly change
426
Vendor risk review:
Vendor risk review: Questionnaire that covers different aspects of their security policies procedures and defenses
427
Version:
Version: What version of the X.509 standard certificate adheres to
428
Version field:
Version field: First field in an IP header that specifies the version of IP
429
Virtual Box:
Virtual Box: An application you can use to install Linux and have it completely isolated from your machine
430
Virtual instance:
Virtual instance: A single virtual machine
431
Virtualization:
Virtualization: A single physical machine called a host runs many individual virtual instances called guests
432
Virtual LAN (VLAN):
Virtual LAN (VLAN): It is a technique that lets you have multiple logical LANs operating on the same physical equipment
433
Virtual machine (VM):
Virtual machine (VM): An application that uses physical resources like memory, CPU and storage, but they offer the added benefit of running multiple operating systems at once
434
Virtual memory:
Virtual memory: A combination of hard drive space and RAM that acts like memory which our processes can use
435
Viruses:
Viruses: The best known type of malware
436
VLAN header:
VLAN header: A piece of data that indicates what the frame itself is. In a data packet it is followed by the EtherType
437
Volume:
Volume: A format for a filesystem on a partition
438
VPN (Virtual Private Network):
VPN (Virtual Private Network): A secure method of connecting a device to a private network over the internet
439
Vulnerability:
Vulnerability: A flaw in the system that could be exploited to compromise the system
440
Vulnerability scanner:
Vulnerability scanner: Detect lots of things, ranging from misconfigured services that represent potential risks, to detecting the presence of back doors and systems
441
WannaCry Attack:
WannaCry Attack: A cyber attack that started in Europe and infected hundreds of thousands of computers across the world
442
Web of trust:
Web of trust: It is where individuals instead of certificate authorities sign other individuals' public keys
443
Web server:
Web server: A web server stores and serves content to clients through the Internet.
444
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy):
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy): First security protocol introduced for Wi-FI networks
445
Wide area network:
Wide area network: Acts like a single network but spans across multiple physical locations. WAN technologies usually require that you contract a link across the Internet with your ISP
446
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA):
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA): A security program that uses a 128-bit key to protect wireless computer networks, which makes it more difficult to crack than WEP
447
Wildcard:
Wildcard: A character that is used to help select files based on a certain pattern
448
Windows domain:
Windows domain: A network of computers and users that are added to a central database
449
Windows management instrumentation (WMI):
Windows management instrumentation (WMI): The container that is used to define powerful targeting rules for your GPO
450
Windows registry:
Windows registry: A hierarchical database of settings that Windows, and Windows applications, use for storing configuration data
451
Windows Search service:
Windows Search service: A service that indexes files on your computer by looking through them on a schedule
452
Windows store:
Windows store: A Windows store is an application repository or warehouse where you can download and instal universal Windows platform apps
453
Windows update client service:
Windows update client service: System that runs in the background on your computer to download and install updates and patches for your operating system
454
Wired Equivalence Privacy (WEP):
Wired Equivalence Privacy (WEP): An encryption technology that provides a very low level of privacy. WEP should really only be seen as being as safe as sending unencrypted data over a wired connection
455
Wireless access point:
Wireless access point: A device that bridges the wireless and wired portions of a network
456
Wireless LANS (WLANS):
Wireless LANS (WLANS): One or more access points act as a bridge between a wireless and a wired network
457
Wireless networking:
Wireless networking: Networks you connect to through radios and antennas
458
Wireshark:
Wireshark: It's another packet capture and analysis tool that you can use, but it's way more powerful when it comes to application and packet analysis, compared to tcpdump
459
WMI filter:
WMI filter: A tool to make group policies apply more selectively on the configuration of the computer
460
Work group computer:
Work group computer: A Windows computer that isn't joined to a domain
461
World Wide Web (WWW):
World Wide Web (WWW): The information system that enables documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet
462
Worms:
Worms: They are similar to viruses except that instead of having to attach themselves onto something to spread, worms can live on their own and spread through channels like the network
463
WPA (Wi-fi protected access):
WPA (Wi-fi protected access): Designed as a short-term replacement that would be compatible with older WEP-enabled hardware with a simple firmware update
464
WPA2 Enterprise:
WPA2 Enterprise: It's an 802.1x authentication to Wi-Fi networks
465
WPS (Wifi Protected Setup):
WPS (Wifi Protected Setup): It's a convenience feature designed to make it easier for clients to join a WPA-PSK protected network
466
Write permission:
Write permission: A permission that allows you to make changes to a file
467
X.500 directory:
X.500 directory: The agreed upon directory standard that wa approved in 1988 that includes, DAP, DSP, DISP, DOP, DAP, and LDAP
468
X.509 standard:
X.509 standard: It is what defines the format of digital certificates, as well as a certificate revocation list or CRL
469
XTACACS:
XTACACS: It stands for Extended TACACS, which was a Cisco proprietary extension on top of TACACS
470
Zone Files:
Zone Files: Simple configuration files that declare all resource records for a particular zone
471
0-Day Vulnerability (Zero Day):
0-Day Vulnerability (Zero Day): A vulnerability that is not known to the software developer or vendor, but is known to an attacker
