M1:01 Biochemistry

Question 1

What are nutrients used for

Answer 1

• they become part of the body, often after being digested they are rebuilt to form different parts of the organism- used to provide energy needed to drive metabolism

Question 2

What is meant by the term ‘metabolism’/

Answer 2

the sum total of all the biochemical reactions taking place in the cells of an organism.

Question 3

What is energy needed for in the body?

Answer 3

to drive metabolism

Question 4

Why are substances removed from the body ?

Answer 4

if they cant be digested or taken part in metabolic processes.

Question 5

Give an example of how organisms are adapted to removed substances that cant be digested or taken part in metabolic processes.

Answer 5

the human intestine is designed to work best when indigestible fibre is present

Question 6

Why is fibre an essential component for the diet

Answer 6

As although it cant provide nutrients or energy- it eases the flow of materials through the gut by giving gut muscles a bulk to push against. -it removes some waste products such as excess bile salts

Question 7

What is a low fibre diet a risk factor for?

Answer 7

a number of diseases including intestinal cancer and some other cancers.

Question 8

What is a risk factor?

Answer 8

a factor that increases the chances of you getting a particular disease.

Question 9

What are the roles of carbohydrates?

Answer 9

-energy storage and supply -structure (in some organisms)

Question 10

What are the roles of proteins?

Answer 10

-structure-transport -enzymes -antibodies -most hormones

Question 11

What are the roles of lipids?

Answer 11

-membranes-energy supply -thermal insulation-protective layers/padding- electrical insulation in neurones -some hormones

Question 12

What are the roles of vitamins and minerals?

Answer 12

• form parts of larger molecules and take part in some metabolic reactions-some act as coenzymes/ enzyme activators

Question 13

What are the roles of nucleic acids?

Answer 13

-information molecules- carrys instructions for life.

Question 14

What are the roles of water?

Answer 14

-takes part in many reactions- support in plants - solvent/medium for most metabolic reactions-transport.

Question 15

Which chemical group is fibre included within?

Answer 15

carbohydrates

Question 16

What are the key biological molecules?

Answer 16

carbohydrateslipidsproteins nucleic acids

Question 17

Name the main chemical elements found in biological molecules

Answer 17

carbonoxygen hydrogennitrogen

Question 18

What percentage of the body is made up by carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen?

Answer 18

99%

Question 19

Give 2 examples of more minor chemical elements that make up the biological molecules

Answer 19

sulphur phosphorus

Question 20

Why is water sometimes described as a biological molecule?

Answer 20

because of its importance for life.

Question 21

What percentage of the body is made up of water?

Answer 21

70%

Question 22

What percentage of the body is made up of chemicals

Answer 22

30%

Question 23

What are the main chemicals found in the body, and what percentage do they make up?

Answer 23

proteins- 15RNA - 6ions and small molecules - 4polysaccharides - 2phospholipids - 2DNA - 1

Question 24

What does biochemistry refer to?

Answer 24

chemical reactions involving biological molecules

Question 25

What is a biochemistry technician responsible for in a pathology lab?

Answer 25

measuring the level of enzymes in the blood of a patient who has suffered a heart attack

Question 26

Give an example of a biochemical reactions that takes place as part of metabolisms.

Answer 26

catabolic reactions- breaking larger molecules into smaller ones.

Question 27

Give an example of a catabolic reaction

Answer 27

digestion

Question 28

What is an anabolic reaction? and give an example of one

Answer 28

building smaller molecules into larger oneseg muscle growth

Question 29

What is meant when its said that 'carbon has a valency of 4'?

Answer 29

it can form covalent bonds with 4 other atoms.

Question 30

Why is carbon a form of framework atom?

Answer 30

because of its multiple bonding feature that is the basis of all biological molecules necessary for life.

Question 31

What are covalent bonds?

Answer 31

bonds that are formed when electrons are shared between atoms that are very strong and covalently bonded atoms form new molecules.

Question 32

What does 1 methane molecule consist of?

Answer 32

1 carbon atom covalently bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms.

Question 33

Give an example of when carbon forms a double bonds

Answer 33

C=C double bonds in hydrocarbon chains C=O double bonds in many molecules eg organic acids

Question 34

What are biological molecules grouped according to?

Answer 34

their chemical properties

Question 35

how are large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids formed?

Answer 35

by bonding many similar, small molecules

Question 36

What is a monomer?

Answer 36

a single, small molecule

Question 37

What is a polymer?

Answer 37

many similar monomers bonded together

Question 38

Why is a lipid not a polymer

Answer 38

as the smaller monomers that makes up a lipid are very different to each other

Question 39

Give an example of a monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

Answer 39

m; monosaccharidesp; polysaccharides

Question 40

Give an example of a monomer and polymer of proteins

Answer 40

m; amino acidsp; polypeptides and proteins

Question 41

Give an example of a monomer and polymer of nucleic acids

Answer 41

m; nucleotides p; DNA and RNA

Question 42

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 42

a chemical reaction that links biological monomers together.

Question 43

What is the use for a condensation reaction in lipids?

Answer 43

it links the different sub units together in lipid molecules

Question 44

What happens during a condensation reaction?

Answer 44

-a water molecule is released- a new covalent bond is formed- a larger molecule is formed by the bonding of smaller molecules

Question 45

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 45

a reaction that splits larger molecules into monomers

Question 46

What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?

Answer 46

-a water molecule is used-a covalent bond is broken-smaller molecules are formed by the splitting of a larger molecule

Question 47

How are hydrogen bonds formed?

Answer 47

when a slightly negatively charged part of a molecule comes close to a slightly positive hydrogen atom

Question 48

give an example of when a hydrogen bond occurs

Answer 48

water

Question 49

Are hydrogen bonds individually strong?

Answer 49

no, they are often described as interactions

Question 50

What is a common description of a hydrogen bond?

Answer 50

interactions

Question 51

How do hydrogen bonds stabalise a molecule?

Answer 51

when many thousands of them form