M1

Question 1

the study and use of theory and methods for the analysis of data arising from random processes or phenomena.

Answer 1

Statistics

Question 2

branch of applied statistics directed toward applications in the health sciences and biology.

Answer 2

Biostatistics

Question 3

Process of Applying Statistics – Design experiments and observational studies

Answer 3

Making Hypotheses

Question 4

Process of Applying Statistics – Summary of data

Answer 4

Gathering Data

Question 5

Process of Applying Statistics - Testing of hypotheses

Answer 5

Drawing Interferences

Question 6

Population Based Studies - aims to generate a hypothesis by answering the following questions,
1. What?
2. Who?
3. Where?
4. When?

Answer 6

descriptive studies

Question 7

Example - Incidence Study

Answer 7

Descriptive study

Question 8

Population Based Studies - aims to generate a hypothesis by answering the the “why?” and “how?” questions.

Answer 8

Analytic Study

Question 9

The goal of this study is to measure the association between exposure and outcome

Answer 9

Analytic study

Question 10

Rates are linked to the level of exposure to some agent for the group as a whole

Answer 10

Ecological Study

Question 11

are prepared for illustrating novel,
unusual, or atypical features identified in patients in medical practice, and they potentially generate new research questions.

Answer 11

case report

Question 12

Cross-sectional study, Case-control study, and Cohort study

Answer 12

Individual Based - Analytic Study

Question 13

• To learn about the characteristics of a population at one point in time
• Does not use a comparison group

Answer 13

Cross-Sectional Study

Question 14

• To study rare diseases
• To study multiple exposures that may be related to a single outcome

Answer 14

Case-Control Study

Question 15

Can be used to find multiple outcomes from a single exposure

Answer 15

Cohort Study/ Longitudinal Study/ Follow-up Study

Question 16

a well-defined group of individuals
who share a common characteristic or experience

Answer 16

cohort

Question 17

This is divided into two branches - Randomized study and non-randomized study

Answer 17

Experimental studies

Question 18

Under this branch is Clinical trial and Control trial

Answer 18

Randomized studies

Question 19

a study in which people are allocated at random (by chance alone) to receive one of several clinical
interventions.

Answer 19

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

Question 20

Someone who takes part in a randomized controlled trial
(RCT) is called

Answer 20

Participant or subject

Question 21

• seek to measure and compare the outcomes after the participants receive the interventions. Because the outcomes are measure.
• are quantitative studies.

Answer 21

RCT

Question 22

Under this branch are Quasi-experimental study,
Field trial, and Community trial.

Answer 22

Non-Randomized study

Question 23

Shares similarities with the traditional
experimental design or randomized controlled trial, but it specifically lacks the element of random assignment to treatment or control.

Answer 23

Quasi-Experimental Research

Question 24

Applies preventive interventions to healthy individuals.

Answer 24

Field Trial

Question 25

Applies intervention to aggregative units.

Answer 25

Community trial

Question 26

- To provide scientific proof of etiological factors which may permit modification or control of disease. - To provide a method of measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of health services for the prevention, control and treatment of disease and improve the health of the community.

Answer 26

Aims of Experimental Studies

Question 27

- observations of random variables made on the elements of a population or sample. - are the quantities / numbers, or qualities/ attributes measured or observed that are to be collected and or analyzed.

Answer 27

Data

Question 28

Type of data - collect data based on what is seen and heard and infer based on the data collected. Researchers should not interfere with the subjects or variables in any way

Answer 28

Observational data

Question 29

Type of data - produced this by measurement, test method, experimental design. The researcher has control over some variables.

Answer 29

Experimental data

Question 30

The data gathered are presented in paragraph form. Data are written and read. It is a combination of texts and figures.

Answer 30

Textual

Question 31

Method of presenting data using the statistical table

Answer 31

tabular

Question 32

The most effective manner of presenting data since it can be easily understood. Examples are Pie, Bar, Venn, Histogram, Line Diagram and Epidemic curve

Answer 32

Graphical

Question 33

consists of table number and title.

Answer 33

Table heading

Question 34

categories which are found at the left side of the body of the table

Answer 34

stubs

Question 35

the top of the coloumn

Answer 35

Box head

Question 36

main part of the tables

Answer 36

Body

Question 37

any statement or note inserted

Answer 37

footnotes

Question 38

source of the statistics

Answer 38

source notes

Question 39

when used properly, are a powerful tool in quickly and effectively relaying information to your audience.

Answer 39

graphical presentation

Question 40

To examine a relationship between two (nonsequential) variables.

Answer 40

scatterplot

Question 41

It is hard for such a graph not to be informative about the data since all the data points are explicitly represented, hence it is very good for examining data to get a 'feel' for the patterns and identify extreme or unusual values (outliers) for checking or further investigation.

Answer 41

Scatterplot

Question 42

where the x- axis represents some sequential variable like time, or distance along a transect (right, and below). In both cases there is an explicit (spatial or temporal) relationship between adjacent points along the x-axis, and the inclusion of the line makes the pattern of this sequence much clearer.

Answer 42

Line plot

Question 43

The name suggests, have two different y-axes, allowing variables with different scales to be plotted on the same graph. Primarily used in the same sorts of situations as line plots, where you want to compare the pattern of change in two different types of variables.

Answer 43

double y plot

Question 44

Probably the most widely used type of graph in science.

Answer 44

bar chart

Question 45

usually fairly straightforward to produce, and generally are either used to represent means (and appropriate error bars), as in the graph here (right), or counts of some sort, including proportions or percentages. This chart can be presented horizontally or vertically.

Answer 45

bar chart

Question 46

combine features of line plots and stacked bar charts.

Answer 46

area plots

Question 47

are familiar to everyone, much beloved of business graphics packages and the media, but of relatively limited use for scientific figures.

Answer 47

Pie charts

Question 48

is a plot that lets you discover, and show, the underlying frequency distribution (shape) of a set of continuous data. Links to an external site.

Answer 48

HIstogram

Question 49

method of organizing raw data in a compact form by displaying a series of scores in ascending or descending order, together with their frequencies

Answer 49

Frequency table

Question 50

diagram representing mathematical or logical sets pictorially as circles or closed curves within an enclosing rectangle (the universal set), common elements of the sets being represented by the areas of overlap among the circles.

Answer 50

Venn diagram

Question 51

A visual display of the onset of illness among cases associated with an outbreak.

Answer 51

Epidemic curve

Question 52

is used to estimate the extent of the disease in the population

Answer 52

survey study

Question 53

designed to monitor or detect specific diseases

Answer 53

surveillance study

Question 54

investigate association between an exposure and a disease outcome. They rely on “natural” allocation of individuals to exposed or non-exposed groups.

Answer 54

Observational Study

Question 55

also investigates the association between an exposure, often therapeutic treatment, and disease outcome individuals are “intentionally” placed into the treatment groups by the investigators

Answer 55

Experimental Study