m.1

Question 1

Aristotle “common sense”

Answer 1

Association

Question 2

4 Law of Association

Answer 2

Law of Contiguity, Law of Frequency, Law of Similarity, and Law of Contrast

Question 3

Things close to each other and tend to get linked

Answer 3

Law of Contiguity

Question 4

The more a person practices the desired behaviour correctly, the higher the probability that the behaviour will be
retained and used.

Answer 4

Law of Frequency

Question 5

Things Similar or alike

Answer 5

Law of Similarity

Question 6

seeing or recalling something may also
trigger the recollection of something completely opposite.

Answer 6

Law of Contrast

Question 7

Piloting/Power of Reasoning

Answer 7

Socrates

Question 8

Mind and body dualism

Answer 8

Descartes

Question 9

First psychology lab and experimented on the human mind/behavior

Answer 9

Wilhelm Maximillian Wundt

Question 10

Self-observation

Answer 10

Introspection

Question 11

Proponent of Functionalism, studies observable experience

Answer 11

William James

Question 12

Memory and Forgetting

Answer 12

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 13

Law of effect. Trial and error in animals

Answer 13

Edward Thorndike

Question 14

Classical Conditioning

Answer 14

Ivan Pavlov

Question 15

Argued behaviorism and established the first school of behaviorism

Answer 15

John Broadus Watson

Question 16

Father of Operant Conditioning

Answer 16

Burrhus F. Skinner

Question 17

Cognitive development

Answer 17

Jean Piaget

Question 18

4 stages of cognitive development of Jean Piaget

Answer 18

Sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 19

Social development theory. “Interaction plays”

Answer 19

Lev Vygotsky

Question 20

Observable S-R behaviours because it believed that behaviour can only be studied in a systematic and observable way

Answer 20

Watson’s Methodological Behaviorism

Question 21

Observable behavior outward unseen mental deductions

Answer 21

Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism

Question 22

Modelling other people’s behavior

Answer 22

Bandura’s Social learning

Question 23

Based on the premise that individual do not just automatically respond to
stimulus. But rather he is making use of his “mind’s eye” to visualize images
that can enhance recall and learning of new information.

Answer 23

Tolman’s Cognitive Behaviorism

Question 24

Founded law of stimulus

Answer 24

Hull’s Neo-behaviorism

Question 25

Three Major Types of Behavioral Learning

Answer 25

Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning

Question 26

Proponent of Classical Conditioning

Answer 26

Ivan Pavlov

Question 27

learning process in which a connection between a previously neutral stimulus and a conditioned response is automatically elicited by the neutral stimulus after going through the conditioning process.

Answer 27

Classical Conditioning

Question 28

Stimulus that can elicit a response without previous training. One does not need to learn to respond to this stimulus.

Answer 28

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Question 29

Response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. A natural reflex reaction to the neutral stimulus.

Answer 29

Unconditioned Response

Question 30

Stimulus which previously does not elicit the response understudy but comes to do so when paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 30

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 31

the learned response to the conditioned stimulus

Answer 31

Conditioned Response

Question 32

Unconditioned Stimulus ( US ) ( food ) is presented to the dog. The dog salivated. Salivation in response to the US ( food ) is the unconditioned response. Then the Neutral Stimulus is presented which is the whistle. A sound is made by blowing on the whistle. The dog has no response. This was repeated and still no reaction from the dog.

Answer 32

Stage 1: Before Conditioning

Question 33

the neutral stimulus (whistle) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus ( food ) upon seeing the food the dog salivated. This procedure was repeated, the blowing of the whistle then the food until it reaches a point wherein by just the blowing of the whistle even without the presentation of the food the blowing of the whistle can elicit salivation from the dog.

Answer 33

Stage 2: Conditioning

Question 34

In this phase the dog salivates when the whistle is blown. Salivation in this case becomes the conditioned response as elicited by the blowing of the whistle ( which was previously a neutral stimulus ) which becomes the conditioned stimulus after the conditioning process.

Answer 34

Stage 3: After Conditioning

Question 35

the time when the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response. Repeated pairing of the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus

Answer 35

Acquisition

Question 36

If the conditioned stimulus is presented faintly then it might not become associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 36

Not noticeable conditioned Stimulus

Question 37

If the unconditioned stimulus is presented and the conditioned stimulus are presented far apart from each other then it will be hard for acquisition to take place.

Answer 37

Timing is important

Question 38

this happens when the manifestation of the conditioned response decreases or it disappears. It usually happens when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus or when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone without the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 38

Extinction

Question 39

learned response can resurface even after a period of extinction. Which means that the learned response which was extinguish can resurface even without re-learning.

Answer 39

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 40

the likelihood of the CS to elicit similar responses after the response has been conditioned. Thus, when the connection between the CR and the CS is learned, similar stimulus can also evoke the same response.

Answer 40

Stimulus Generalization

Question 41

What experiment can be illustrated by John Watson for stimulus generalization

Answer 41

Little Albert Experiment

Question 42

it is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have not been associated with the US. Making the learned response only to one specific object and not other similar objects.

Answer 42

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 43

the sudden recovery of a response during an extinction procedure when a new stimulus is introduced

Answer 43

Disinhibition

Question 44

Two extensions of Classical Conditioning

Answer 44

1. Higher order conditioning 2. Sensory pre-conditioning

Question 45

this refers to a circumstance wherein a stimulus that was previously neutral is paired with the CS to come up with the same CR similar to the CS.

Answer 45

Higher order conditioning

Question 46

a type of higher order conditioning that has two conditioned stimuli that are paired together then one is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. This will cause the other un paired CS to elicit a response when paired with the US

Answer 46

Sensory pre-conditioning

Question 47

these are behaviours that occur due to specific environment stimuli.

Answer 47

Elicited Behavior

Question 48

it shows the relationship between inherent behaviours and the surrounding events that elicit them.

Answer 48

Reflexes

Question 49

this is an instinctive activity pattern that causes animals to act in a specific behaviour pattern associated only to their species. It is a pattern that is relatively fixed within the species. In this case the species is not taught to do this pattern of behaviour.

Answer 49

Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)

Question 50

this is a decrease in response to stimulus after repeated exposure. (e. g. treatment of phobia in exposure therapy: a person is continuously being exposed to the thing/situation that causes him to be afraid.)

Answer 50

Habituation

Question 51

this is a non-associative learning process in which frequent exposure to a stimulus results in increasing strength of reaction to the stimulus. The individual’s sensitivity to the stimulus becomes stronger as time passes by.

Answer 51

Sensitization

Question 53

Three limitations of classical conditioning

Answer 53

1. Over shadowing 2. Blocking effect 3. Latent inhibition

Question 54

when more than one stimuli are presented and the other stimulus produces a more solid response from the organism because it is more potent/powerful or relevant to the organism. An example would be when teaching a dog to learn to sit.

Answer 54

Over shadowing

Question 55

the conditioning of an association between two stimuli, a conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is weaken when during conditioning, the CS is paired together with a second CS that has already been paired with the US.

Answer 55

Blocking effect

Question 56

basic idea of this limitation is that it is easier/better to learn something new than to unlearn something you acquired for a long period of time. (e.g. old habits, repeating known mistakes )

Answer 56

Latent inhibition