M1 Flashcards
(36 cards)
Where did the Indentured Immigrants mainly come from?
Countries in the Eastern Hemisphere such as India, China, and Portugal. The majority were from India, particularly Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu.
When did the indentured labor system in the Caribbean begin?
In the early 1830s due to the abolition of slavery in 1834, continuing until the early 20th century.
What was the main reason Indentured Immigrants came to the Caribbean Region?
To provide a new cheap workforce for plantations after the emancipation of enslaved Africans.
What were Indentured Immigrants promised when coming to the Caribbean Region?
Employment, housing, and the chance to earn enough money to return home.
What is a ‘girmit’ in the context of Indentured Immigrants?
An indenture contract signed by laborers agreeing to work for a plantation owner for five years.
How did Indentured Immigrants travel to the Caribbean Region?
On crowded ships, often stored deep within the cargo holds under poor conditions.
What was the survival rate of Indentured Immigrants during the journey to the Caribbean?
One in five immigrants died from diseases during the three-month journey.
Where in the Caribbean Region did Indentured Immigrants primarily arrive?
British Guiana, now known as Guyana.
What types of treatment did Indentured Immigrants face?
Back-breaking labor, similar to slavery, with punishments such as beatings and whippings.
What were the living conditions of Indentured Immigrants?
They were housed with former slaves and faced inadequate food rations, leading to malnutrition.
What passive forms of resistance did Indentured Immigrants display?
- Running away
- Suicide
- Refusing to work
- Sabotage of machinery
What was the Enmore Estate Strike?
A protest from 1913-1914 for low wages that opened pathways for trade unions among laborers.
What active form of protest occurred at the Leonara Estate in Guyana?
Women protested against sexual assaults by plantation owners in 1869.
What is the origin of the pre-Columbian migratory period?
From NE Asia across Bering Strait to Alaska, then southwards into the Americas.
This migration included the Kalinagos and Tainos moving northwards through the Lesser Antilles.
What type of settlements did the Tainos have?
Village settlements along river valleys and coastal areas.
Their social organization was hierarchical.
Who ruled the Taino community?
Cacique, a hereditary ruler who was also high priest and judge.
What were the main farming methods used by the Tainos?
Subsistence farming; slash and burn, using primitive tools.
What was the food staple of the Tainos?
Seafood, vegetables, pepper, cassava, agouti.
What type of architecture did the Tainos use?
Rectangular houses made from indigenous materials like thatch and poles.
What social organization characterized the Kalingoes?
Militaristic society where women did farming and men did hunting and fishing.
How was justice administered in Kalingo society?
On a personal level, with a civil leader supervising farming and fishing.
What was the main reason for the immigration of Africans to the Caribbean?
The decline of tobacco and the need for labor to cultivate sugar cane.
What was the impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Caribbean society?
Introduced a new system of production based on private ownership of land and people.
What cultural forms from Africa survived in the Caribbean?
Elements of West African religious practices, such as obeah, voodoo, and Shango.
