M1: Growth & Development Flashcards by Adams Bruce Al-os

A result of maturation of the nervous system and psychological reaction. Determined by both genetics(nature) and environment(nurture). Qualitative changes whereby matiration, function and skills are increased or enhanced.

Development

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Process by which a living being or any of its parts increases in size and mass, either by multiplication or enlargement of component cells.

Growth

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Brought about by genetic endowment (biologic), personal eating habits (psychologic) and access to nutrition (social and economics).

Height

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There is a development first of the brain then to the extremities.

Cephalo-caudal dev’t

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Sequences of changes leading to particular attainments. Progress in _________, _________, _________, _________, _________ & _________.

Gross motor, Fine motor, Social, Emotional, Language & Cognition “GF SELC”

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Most practical and useful in the physical assessment of a child. Easiest to measure.

Anthropometric Data

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Anthropometric Data includes

Height, Weight & Head circumference “HWH”

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Allow comparison not only with his peers but also reflect his own progress. Direction of the child’s growth curve. Deviations from his percentile may indicate presence of factors adversely affecting growth. Conveniently described by charts.

Growth & Table Charts

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Growth & Table Charts: is a poor of assessing a child’s nutritional status.

Single measurement

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Growth & Table Charts: are plotted on the y-axis or ordinate.

Anthropometric measurements

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Growth & Table Charts: are plotted on the x-axis or abscissa

Age of the child

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For rapid computation of the weights and heights of infants and children in the absence of handy tables and charts

Formulas

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Formula for weight among infants below 6months of age

Wt. in grams = age in months x 600 + birth weight

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Formula for weight among infants 6-12months of age

Wt. in grams = age in months x 500 + birth weight

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Average birth weight for Filipino infants

3000 grams

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Formula for weight among children 2 years and up (in kg)

Wt in Kg = age in years x 2 + 8

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Unit of measurement for weight among infants

Grams

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Formula for weight among children 2 years and up (in lbs)

Wt in pounds = age in years x 5 + 17

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Formula for weight among children 6-12 years (pounds)

Wt in pounds = age in years x 7 + 5

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Unit of measurement used among children 2 years and up for weight

Kilogram

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Age of Adolescence among male

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Age of Adolescence among female

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Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 2x birth weight.

4-5months

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Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 3x birth weight.

1yr

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Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 4x birth weight.

2yrs

Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 5x birth weight.

3yrs

Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 6x birth weight.

5yrs

Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 7x birth weight.

Weight Shortcut: Give the age. Formula is 10x birth weight.

How to take the Height: the child lies on a firm table with a measuring stick or centimeter ruler ____________.

Fastened to one edge

How to take the Height: the head is held _______ by one observer against a fixed upright board placed at the _____ mark.

Firm. Zero.

How to take the Height: the other observer pushes a movable upright board against the __________.

Sole of the feet

Average birth length

50cm or 20inches

Total average gain in length during the 1st year

25cm

Average additional length from birth to 3mos

9cm

Average additional length from 3-6mos

8cm

Average additional length from 6-9mos

5cm

Average additional length from 9-12mos

3cm

Maximum age that you can get the recumbent height & length

2y/o

Maximum age where in you'll measure head circumference

3y/o

Unit of measurement for height

Formula for height in cm

Ht in cm = age in years x 5 + 80

Formula for height in inches

Ht in inches = age in years x 2 + 32

Followed up during the first three years of life. Reflect the status of brain growth. Indicates disturbances of the skull and its contents. Bigger the chest circumference at birth. Catches up at midyear. Smaller then chest circumference in the ________.

Head circumference. First year.

Head circumference is ______ of the total height in newborn.

1/4

Head circumference is ______ of the total height in adult.

1/8

Retention of infantile body proportions

Hypothyroid dwarf

Head circumference: HC at birth

35cm

Head circumference: the tape applied firmly over the ________ and the ________ anteriorly and that part of the occiput which gives the maximal circumference posteriorly.

Glabella. Supraorbital ridges.

Head circumference: care should be taken that the tape has not _______ with aging.

Stretched

Head circumference: for the first year of life, for the first 4 months

1/2 in/month. (2inches)

Head circumference: for the first year of life, next 8 months

1/4 in/months. (2inches)

Head circumference: for the second year

1 inch

Head circumference: for ages 3-5 yrs

1/2 in/year. (1.5inches)

Head circumference: for ages 6-20 yrs

1/2 in/5yrs. (1.5inches)

Normal head circumference

35cm

Normal chest circumference

32cm

Normal abdomen circumference

30cm

Ratio of transverse to the anteriorposterior diameter

Thoracic index

As the child grows older, the ___________ increases at a faster pace.

Transverse diameter

Additional Chest measurement at birth

Additional Chest measurement at one year

1.25

Additional Chest measurement at 6yrs

1.35

Chest measurement, Midrespiration at the level of the __________ or the ____________.

Xiphoid cartilage. Substernal notch.

Sitting height or crown rump. Its relationship to height and symphysis pubis-heel(sole). Indicate growth abnormalities. ______ at birth. ___ at 10 years.

Crown-symphysis pubis. 1.7 & 1

Arm span exceeds total height

Eunochoid proportion

Degree of nutrition

Midarm circumference

Degree of under or over nutrition

Skinfold measurements

A very good gauge of nutrition for the under 6 years old. Taken with the left arm hanging naturally at the side. The circumference is measured at a midpoint between the __________ and ___________.

Upper midarm circumference. Acromial process & Olecranon.

Rough estimate of the body composition

Skinfold thickness

Measured over the posterior surface of the triceps of the left arm by calipers placed at a point halfway between the acromion and the olecranon as the arm hangs naturally at the side of the chest.

Triceps SFT

Is measured below the angle of the scapula

Subscapular SFT

Is picked up between the thumb and the forefinger of the left hand and pinched clean away from the underlying muscle

Fold of skin & Subcutaneous tissue

Should be picked up firmly and held between the fingers all the time that the measurement is being taken

Fold

Are applied to the fold a little below the fingers so that pressure on the fold at the point measured is exerted by this faces and not by the fingers.

Calipers

When the caliper has been applied, the ______ are permitted to exert the full pressure on the skin by the examiner removing the fingers of his right hand from the trigger-lever of the caliper.

Jaws

Healthy. Set of values that generates a normal (_________) distribution. Ex: height, weight and age of independent standing.

Normal. Bell-shaped.

Distance away from the mean that can be expressed in terms of the number of standard deviation.

Z score

In Z score: the further the measurement falls from the mean, the __________ that it represents a pathologic condition.

Greater probability

Z Score: Is rarely a problem, unless it is so excessive that it indicates an endocrine problem.

Tallness (1)

Z Score: A child may have a growth problem, but this is better assessed from _________ or _________.

Weight for Length/BMI (2)

Z Score: It is possible for a stunted or severely stunted child to become _________.

Overweight (4)

Z Score: A plotted point ________ shows possible risk. A trend towards the 2 z-score line shows definite _______.

Above 1. Risk. (3)

Z Score: This is referred to as very __________ in IMCI training modules.

Low weight. (5)

Formula for Dentition

No. of teeth = age in months - 6

Dentition: If delayed beyond ______, requires investigation of the thyroid, parathyroid and derivatives of the ectoderm.

12 months

Stages as qualitatively different epochs in the development of emotion and cognition

Psychoanalytic Theories

Age for Infancy

0-1

Age for Preschool

3-6

Age for Adolescence

12-20

Age for toddlerhood

2-3

Age for School age

6-12

Freud Psychosexual: for infancy

Oral

Freud Psychosexual: for toddler

Anal

Freud Psychosexual: for Preschool

Oedipal

Freud Psychosexual: for school age

Latency

Freud Psychosexual: for adolescence

Genital

Freud Psychosexual: Body centered drives more on

Sexual

Freud Psychosexual: shifts with maturation from ________ (sucking in the 1st yr of life) to ___________.

Oral satisfactions. Anal sensations.

Freud Psychosexual: prominent during the anal toddler years

Holding on & Letting go

Freud Psychosexual: possessiveness toward a parent in preschool years.

Oedipal drives

Freud Psychosexual: Genital drives in

Puberty and beyond

Freud Psychosexual: adequate resolution of

Conflicts

Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for infancy

Basic Trust vs Mistrust

Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for toddlerhood

Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt

Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for preschool

Initiative vs Guilt

Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for school age

Industry vs Inferiority

Erikson Psychosocial: Developmental stage for adolescence

Identity vs Role Confusion

Erikson Psychosocial: Recast Freud's stage in terms of emerging ________.

Personality

Erikson Psychosocial: Basic trust develops in successful negotiation of __________.

Infantile needs

Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for Infancy & Toddlerhood

Sensorimotor

Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for Preschool

Preoperational

Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for school age

Concrete operations

Piaget Cognitive: Cognitive development for adolescence

Formal operations

Piaget Cognitive: changes in ________, not just quantity.

Quality

Piaget Cognitive: during this stage, infant's thinking is tied to immediate sensations and a child's ability to manipulate objects

Sensorimotor stage

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 1 (0-6mos)

Premoral

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 2 (6-12mos)

Premoral

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 3. Avoid punishment or Obtain rewards (1-3)

Preconventional

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 4. (3-7)

Naive Instrumental Hedonism

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 5. (7-9)

Conformity

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 6. (9-12)

Law & Order

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 7. (12-18)

First Stage of True Morality

Kohlberg Moral: Stage 8. (18-21)

True Morality

Kohlberg Moral: Preschoolers' earliest sense of right and wrong is _________, motivated by externally applied controls.

Egocentric

M1: Growth & Development Flashcards

(125 cards)