M1: Lecture Material Flashcards

Question

What was the 'Water Test' used for?

Answer 1

To determine if a person was a witch after being thrown in the water with rocks. ## Footnote *think about the "witch sketch" video and how there was not really a designated way to tell if people are witches - which is what caused so many non mentally ill people from being deemed witches and killed.

Answer 2

Paracelsus He also made it clear that spirits did not cause mental illness. ## Footnote He reccomended therapies of bleeding (for mania), essenences of metals, and charms (to treat those afflicted by witchcraft).

Answer 3

Lunacy (meaning madness)

Answer 4

Quiet retreats for people exhibiting psychopathology (but eventually too many people needed to go to them, causing overcrowding and chaoticess)

Answer 5

Chaotic hospitals Comes from the hospital Bedlaham in Europe that was specifically chaotic.

Answer 6

Ex. patient laid in bed and 4 clinicians spun a wheel to spin the patient around → to get behaviour under control Ex. Sensory reduction chair Ex. Crib → small jail where you cannot move Ex. “Hollow Wheel” → a patient is placed in the door and runs in the wheel to change behaviour.

Answer 7

Releasing patients into the community (a massive reform)

Answer 8

An important activity that makes information more accessible, meaningful, and less cumbersome. | Mushroom Example

Answer 9

Understanding the nature of the universe through observation. Observe the complaint of the individual or see what was wrong → what you can SEE is what the problem is → get rid of what you can see - the bleeding, the growth, etc. Focus on observable signs, symptoms, groups of co-occurring systems ## Footnote DSM takes a empiricist approach today (focuses on observable signs)

Answer 10

Understanding the **underlying** causes of observable symptoms. Felt that it was important to observe what we can see, but that the WHY is more important to focus on (why can we see them? why are they there?) When people came in with an issue → theorists did not soley focus on the thing that was observable, they were focused on what might be producing the difficulties (the symptom exists for a reason) ## Footnote Consistent with psychodynamic theories/treatments

Answer 11

Contributed an empiricist approach identifying observable signs and symptoms. Developed this while running his hospital where he noticed there was observable signs that coexisted in patients - took all those patients and gave them one name based on those observable signs.

Answer 12

A theorist!! Tried to understand what was happening under the surface to cause the observable symptoms.

Answer 13

Observable characteristics are seen as the cause of difficulties. (a Kraepelin/Empiricist approach!) Focus of assessment and treatment on eradicating the symptoms. Trend is embraced by insurance companies because if disorders are only diagnosed with many symtoms, if you get rid of some of the, you don't have the disorder and it saves the companies money.

Answer 14

Problematic because once you start to use terms to classify physical things, the terms are no longer simply convenient words to represent this thing, that is a real entity Ex. patients will come in and ask WHY they have these symptoms, told that what is causing the symptoms is depression → all of a sudden depression is a pathogen. Depression is turned into a thing, when it was just a word we used to classify characteristics (Circular reasoning → **“the reason you have these depressed symptoms is because of depression”**)

Answer 15

Symptom focus looks at observable signs Underlying cause (frued/theorist) focuses on examines deeper processes - psychodynamic and PDM.

Answer 16

* Description and identification (classify symptoms reliably) * Communication (teach clinicians how to identify the diagnoses that exist) * Research (need to call disorders the same thing) * Treatment * Insurance * Theory Development * Epidemiological Information

Answer 17

NO, for example, Alzheimer's Disease and depression treatments can vary.

Answer 18

1. Divide disorders into **mutually exclusive** (distinct/cannot belong to two subclasses) and **collectively exhaustive** (all disorders must be classified) subclasses. 2. Subclasses defined by necessary and sufficient conditions. *must have **reliability** (should get the same result from the classification system each time) *must have **validity** (classification system should say something about the "true world")

Answer 19

A manual that categorizes over 400 disorders based on descriptive information. Based on the empirist perspective and avoids psychoanalytical concepts, just focusing on observable features.

Answer 20

Diagnosis = assigns a diagnostic category (structured interview → diagnosis!) Formulation = explains genesis and treatment processes (assessment → formulation!)

Answer 21

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems. Another DESCRIPTIVE manual.

Answer 22

A diagnostic manual used in Germany based on a **psychodynamic** theoretical model.

Answer 23

1. Psychoanalysis 2. Object relations 3. Attachment theory ## Footnote These models are rooted in current psychodynamic theory.

Answer 24

* Personality patterns * Social and emotional capacities * Unique mental profiles * Personal experiences of individuals ## Footnote These elements provide a comprehensive view of an individual's psychological makeup.

Answer 25

Disorders are seen as a result of underlying processes rather than discrete categories ## Footnote This perspective shifts focus to personality and upbringing.

Answer 26

* Depressive Personality Disorder * Sadistic and Sadomasochistic PD * Masochistic (Self-defeating) PD * Somatizing PD * Dissociative PD ## Footnote These disorders reflect various personality patterns and disorders.

Answer 27

To understand the nature of mental health and illness in terms of dysfunctions in psychological/biological systems ## Footnote Rather than findings symptoms that align with a named disorder, it looks at underlying systems in the brain

Answer 28

**Negative Valence Systems** (brain elements that lead to fear, anxiety, threat, loss) **Positive Valence Systems** (reflect functioning within reward responsiveness) **Cognitive Systems** (basic things like concentration, perception) **Systems for Social Processes** (attachment theory, early childhood, trauma, affiliation, communication) **Arousal Regulatory Systems** (arousal, sleep processes, circadian rhythms) ## Footnote These domains help categorize various psychological functions.

Answer 29

False ## Footnote RDoC focuses on understanding mental health rather than categorizing disorders.

Answer 30

DSM and ICD focus on assigning diagnoses (epericist), while PDM and OPD focus on developing formulations related to stated problems (psychodynamic - theorist)

Answer 31

**1. Greater attachment security/sense of safety in relationships** **2. More integrated and coherent experience of self and others** (being able to see good and bad in the self, and others, at the same time) **3. Increased sense of personal agency** (the sense that you have influence in your life). **4. More realistic and reliable self-esteem** (Realistic self-esteem = I am good enough & Reliable self-esteem = able to tolerate both criticism and both inflating) **5. Greater resilience/improved affect regulation** (capacity to keep yourself at bay during difficult times) **6. Greater capacity for both self-reflection and understanding of others’ experience** (see parts of myself that I want to change, but also have positive things about myself) **7. Increased comfort in functioning both independently and interdependently (communally)** **8. More robust sense of vitality and aliveness** **9. Enhanced capacity for acceptance, forgiveness, and gratitude ** (accepting the stuff that cannot change and you grieve it to move on) **10. Movement toward more mature and flexible defenses** (being able to love, work, and play).

Answer 32

**Seuxal abuse** (thought to be a pediphile, when he proposed the mental challenges associated with child abuse) **Hysteria** (he observed hysteria in men - which was seen as impossible at the time - making everyone think he was insane) **Women theorist** (thought to be a misogynist and anti-women, but there was truly an equal amount of women involved in psychoanalytic psychology)

Answer 33

That the only evidence for psychoanalysis is for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) ## Footnote This myth undermines the existence of empirical support for psychoanalysis.

Answer 34

A MYTH - they projective tests are still common.

Answer 35

Psychoanalysis | EVIDENCE THAT PSYCHOANALYSIS IS NOT DEAD! ## Footnote It represents professionals committed to the study, practice, and development of psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

Answer 36

* Unconscious * Conflict * Past influences present * Transference * Defense * Psychological causation ## Footnote These features highlight the complexity of psychoanalytic theory.

Answer 37

They have been refined and expanded through research, clinical work, and theoretical work ## Footnote Contemporary theories have little connection to Freud's original ideas of the id, ego, and super ego, etc.

Answer 38

* Trauma causes emotional and physical problems * Early childhood experiences affect adult lives * Sexual abuse of children has disastrous effects * Emotional difficulties can be treated through talking * We find faults in others that reflect our own issues ## Footnote These ideas underscore the lasting impact of Freudian theory.

Answer 39

Psychoanalytic theory developed outside of academia, leading to arrogance and elitism. Also, repetition of professors' views and lectures, writings → people have created falsehoods about this discipline and it just continually gets repeated. ## Footnote Resulted in hostility towards psychoanalytic ideas and the perpetuation of falsehoods.

Answer 40

That there are terms used in cognitive psychology that have the SAME meaning as words in psychoanalytic processes → but people refuse to use the word psychoanalytic words Proof that pychoanalysis has been here but is HIDDEN.