[M1] Midterm (Identification)

Question 1

It is the entire collection of individuals or objects about which information is desired

Answer 1

population

Question 2

It is a subset of the population, selected for study.

Answer 2

sample

Question 3

The branch of statistics that includes methods for organizing and summarizing data.

Answer 3

descriptive statistics

Question 4

The branch of statistics that involves generalizing from a sample to the population from which the sample was selected and assessing the reliability of such generalizations.

Answer 4

inferential statistics

Question 5

A ______ is any characteristic whose value may change from one individual or object
to another.

Answer 5

variable

Question 6

______ result from making observations either on a single variable or simultaneously on
two or more variables.

Answer 6

data

Question 7

A data set consisting of observations on a single characteristic is a ___________.

Answer 7

univariate data set

Question 8

A univariate data set is _______ if the individual observations are categorical responses.

Answer 8

categorical (or qualitative)

Question 9

A univariate data set is _________ if each observation is a number.

Answer 9

numerical (or quantitative)

Question 10

The result from obtaining a category or value of pairs of numbers on two different characteristics.

Answer 10

Bivariate data

Question 11

The result from obtaining a category or value for each of two or more attributes

Answer 11

Multivariate data

Question 12

A numerical variable results in ______ data if the possible values of the variable correspond to isolated points on the number line.

Answer 12

discrete

Question 13

A numerical variable results in _______ data if the set of possible values forms an entire interval on the number line

Answer 13

continuous

Question 14

In an experiment, the researcher manipulates one or more explanatory variables, also sometimes called _________, to create the experimental conditions.

Answer 14

factors

Question 15

The investigator observes characteristics of
a sample selected from one or more existing populations.

Answer 15

observational study

Question 16

The investigator observes how a response variable behaves when one or more explanatory variables, also called factors, are
manipulated.

Answer 16

experiment

Question 17

Draw conclusions about the corresponding population or about differences between two or more populations.

Answer 17

goal of an observational study

Question 18

determine the effect of the manipulated explanatory variables (factors) on the response variable.

Answer 18

goal of an experiment

Question 19

Related to both group membership and the response variable of interest in a research study.

Answer 19

confounding variable

Question 20

Tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population in some systematic way.

Answer 20

bias

Question 21

Tendency for samples to differ from the corresponding population as a result of systematic exclusion of some part of the population.

Answer 21

Selection Bias

Question 22

Tendency for samples to differ from the
corresponding population because the method of observation tends to produce
values that differ from the true value.

Answer 22

Measurement or Response Bias

Question 23

Tendency for samples to differ from the
corresponding population because data are not obtained from all individuals
selected for inclusion in the sample.

Answer 23

Survey Nonresponse Bias

Question 24

A sample that is selected from a population in a way that ensures that every different possible sample of the desired size has the same chance of being selected.

Answer 24

random sampling

Question 25

After each successive item is selected for the sample, the item is replaced back into the population and may therefore be selected again at a later stage.

Answer 25

sampling with replacement

Question 26

After being included in the sample, an individual or object would not be considered for further selection.

Answer 26

Sampling without replacement

Question 27

Sampling method wherein the entire population can be divided into a set of non-overlapping subgroups.

Answer 27

Stratified Random Sampling

Question 28

This involves dividing the population of interest into non-overlapping subgroups, called clusters.

Answer 28

Cluster Sampling

Question 29

A procedure that can be used when it is possible to view the population of interest as consisting of a list or some other sequential arrangement.

Answer 29

Systematic Sampling.

Question 30

Using an easily available or convenient group to form a sample.

Answer 30

Convenience Sampling

Question 31

A voluntary encounter between strangers in which an interviewer seeks information from a respondent by engaging in a special type of conversation.

Answer 31

survey

Question 32

The Respondent's Task

Answer 32

(1) Comprehension (2) Retrieval from Memory (3) Reporting the Response

Question 33

The procedure usually requires the interviewer to ask prepared questions and to record the respondent’s answers.

Answer 33

personal interview

Question 34

Surveys conducted through telephone interviews are frequently less expensive than personal interviews, owing to the elimination of travel expenses.

Answer 34

telephone interview

Question 35

These questionnaires usually are mailed to the individuals included in the sample, although other distribution methods can be used.

Answer 35

Self-administered questionnaire

Question 36

It is used in many surveys that do not involve measurements on people.

Answer 36

Direct observation.

Question 37

It is a study in which one or more explanatory variables are manipulated in order to observe the effect on a response variable.

Answer 37

experiment

Question 38

It is any particular combination of values for the explanatory variables.

Answer 38

experimental condition

Question 39

Experimental conditions are also called ______.

Answer 39

treatments

Question 40

It is the smallest unit to which a treatment is applied.

Answer 40

experimental unit

Question 41

______ are those variables that have values that are controlled by the experimenter. Also called independent variable or factors.

Answer 41

explanatory variables

Question 42

_______ is a variable that is not controlled by the experimenter and that is measured as part of the experiment. Also called dependent variable.

Answer 42

response variable

Question 43

It is one that is not one of the explanatory variables in the study but is thought to affect the response variable.

Answer 43

extraneous variable

Question 44

Two variables are ________ if their effects on the response variable cannot be distinguished from one another.

Answer 44

confounded

Question 45

_______ (of subjects to treatments or of treatments to trials) to ensure that the experiment does not systematically favor one experimental condition (treatment) over another.

Answer 45

random assignment

Question 46

Using extraneous variables to create groups (blocks) that are similar. All experimental conditions (treatments) are then tried in each block.

Answer 46

Blocking

Question 47

Holding extraneous variables constant so that their effects are not confounded with those of the experimental conditions (treatments).

Answer 47

direct control

Question 48

Ensuring that there is an adequate number of observations for each experimental condition.

Answer 48

replication

Question 49

Experimental designs in which experimental units are assigned at random to treatments or in which treatments are assigned at random to trials.

Answer 49

completely randomized designs

Question 50

When blocking is used, the design is called a ________.

Answer 50

randomized block design

Question 51

_____ is something that is identical (in appearance, taste, feel, etc.) to the treatment received by the treatment group, except that it contains no active ingredients

Answer 51

placebo