M18-23 VOCAB

Question 1

the theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth

Answer 1

Theory of demographic transition

Question 2

the state of having plentiful wealth including the possession of money, goods, or property

Answer 2

Affluence

Question 3

the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control

Answer 3

Family planning

Question 4

an equation used to estimate the impact of the human lifestyle on the environment: impact=population X affluence X technology

Answer 4

IPAT equation

Question 5

a measure of the value of all products and services produced in 1 year in 1 country

Answer 5

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Question 6

an area that contains more than 386 people per square kilometer (1k/square mile)

Answer 6

Urban area

Question 7

the study of human populations and population trends

Answer 7

Demography

Question 8

a scientist in the field of demography

Answer 8

Demographer

Question 9

the movement of people into a country or regions, from another country or region

Answer 9

Immigration

Question 10

the movement of people out of a country or region

Answer 10

Emigration

Question 11

the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year

Answer 11

Crude birth rate (CBR)

Question 12

the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year

Answer 12

Crude death rate (CDR)

Question 13

the number of years it takes a population to double

Answer 13

Doubling time

Question 14

an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years

Answer 14

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Question 15

the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size

Answer 15

Replacement-level fertility

Question 16

a country with relatively high levels of industrialization and income

Answer 16

Developed country

Question 17

a country with relatively low levels of industrialization and income

Answer 17

Developing country

Question 18

the average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average lifespan and death rate in that country

Answer 18

Life expectancy

Question 19

the number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births

Answer 19

Infant mortality

Question 20

the number of deaths of children under age 5 per 1,000 live births

Answer 20

Child mortality

Question 21

the difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1,000 people in a country

Answer 21

Net migration rate

Question 22

a visual representation of the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, typically expressed for males and females

Answer 22

Age structure diagram

Question 23

an age structure diagram that is widest at the bottom and smallest at the top, typical of developing countries

Answer 23

Population pyramid

Question 24

continues population growth after reduction measures have been implemented

Answer 24

Population momentum

Question 25

the predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time

Answer 25

Ecological succession

Question 26

ecological succession occurring on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil

Answer 26

Primary succession

Question 27

the succession of plant life that occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil

Answer 27

Secondary succession

Question 28

a species that can colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine

Answer 28

Pioneer species

Question 29

historically described as the final stage of succession

Answer 29

Climax community

Question 30

a theory that demonstrates the duel importance of habitat size and distance in determining species richness

Answer 30

Theory of island biogeography-

Question 31

the study of interactions between species

Answer 31

Community ecology

Question 32

the relationship between two species that live in close association with each other

Answer 32

Symbiotic relationship

Question 33

the struggle of individuals to obtain a shared limiting resource

Answer 33

Competition

Question 34

when 2 species divide a resource based on differences in their behaviour morphology

Answer 34

Resource partitioning

Question 35

the principle stating that 2 species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist

Answer 35

Competitive exclusion principle

Question 36

an interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal

Answer 36

Predation

Question 37

a specialized type of predator that lays eggs inside other organisms (hosts)

Answer 37

Parasitoid

Question 38

an interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism

Answer 38

Parasitism

Question 39

a parasite that causes disease in its host

Answer 39

Pathogen

Question 40

an interaction in which an animal consumes a producer

Answer 40

Herbivory

Question 41

an interaction between 2 species that increases the chances of survival or reproduction for both species

Answer 41

Mutualism

Question 42

a relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped

Answer 42

Commensalism

Question 43

a species that is not very abundant but has large effects on an ecological community

Answer 43

Keystone species

Question 44

mathematical equations that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time

Answer 44

Population growth models

Question 45

the number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period, minus the deaths of the individual or its offspring during the same period

Answer 45

Population growth rate

Question 46

the maximum potential for growth of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources

Answer 46

Intrinsic growth rate (r)

Question 47

(Nt=N0ert)a growth model that estimates a population’s future size (Nt) after a period of time (t), based on (r) and the number of reproducing individuals in the population (N0)

Answer 47

Exponential growth model

Question 48

the curve of the exponential growth model when graphed

Answer 48

J-shaped curve

Question 49

a growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment

Answer 49

Logistic growth model

Question 50

the shape of the logistic growth model when graphed

Answer 50

S-shaped curve

Question 51

when a population becomes larger than the environment’s carry capacity

Answer 51

Overshoot

Question 52

a rapid decline in a population due to death

Answer 52

Die-off

Question 53

a species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity

Answer 53

K-selected species

Question 54

a graph that represents the distinct patterns of species survival as a function of age

Answer 54

Survivorship curve

Question 55

a pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age

Answer 55

Type 1 survivorship curve

Question 56

a pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span

Answer 56

Type II survivorship curve

Question 57

a pattern of survival over time in which there is low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood

Answer 57

Type III survivorship curve

Question 58

strips of natural habitat that connect populations

Answer 58

Corridor

Question 59

a group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them

Answer 59

Metapopulation

Question 60

when individuals with similar genotypes-typically relatives-breed with each other and produce offspring that have an impaired ability to survive and reproduce

Answer 60

Inbreeding depression

Question 61

the individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area at a particular time

Answer 61

Population

Question 62

all of the populations of organisms within a given area

Answer 62

Community

Question 63

the study of factors that cause populations to increase or decrease

Answer 63

Population ecology

Question 64

the number of individuals per unit area at a given time

Answer 64

Population density

Question 65

a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another

Answer 65

Population distribution

Question 66

the ratio of males to females in a population

Answer 66

Sex ratio

Question 67

a description of how many individuals fit into particular age categories in a population

Answer 67

Age structure

Question 68

a resource that a population cannot live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size

Answer 68

Limiting resource

Question 69

a factor that influences an individual’s probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population

Answer 69

Density-dependent factor

Question 70

the limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain

Answer 70

Carrying capacity (K)

Question 71

a factor that has the same effect on an individual’s probability of survival and the amount of reproduction at any population size

Answer 71

Density-independent factor

Question 72

the total number of individuals within a designed area at a given time

Answer 72

Population size (N)