M1B Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
A form of graft rejection that occurs within 1 to 5 days after second exposure to tissue antigens based on reactivation of B- and T-cell responses.
A
Accelerated Rejection
2
Q
A disease affecting the immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
3
Q
Graft-versus-host disease, which occurs shortly after immunocompetent cells are transplanted into a recipient. It is characterized by skin rashes, diarrhea, and increased susceptibility to infection
A
Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD
4
Q
Normal serum proteins that increase rapidly as a result of infection, injury, or trauma to the tissues
A
Acute-phase reactants
5
Q
The combination of complement
components C1, C4b, and C2b that
form the enzyme C3 convertase,
whose substrate is C3.
A
Activation unit
6
Q
A type of rejection that occurs days
to weeks after transplantation as
the result of cellular mechanisms
and antibody formation.
A
Acute rejection (AR)
7
Q
A disease that develops as a
sequel to group A streptococcal
pharyngitis, characterized by the
presence of antibodies that
cross-react with heart tissue.
A
Acute rheumatic
fever
8
Q
A substance administered with an
immunogen that enhances and
potentiates the immune response
A
Adjuvant
9
Q
Immunity resulting from the
transfer of cells of the immune
system (usually lymphocytes) from
an immunized host to a
nonimmune individual.
A
Adoptive immunity
10
Q
Immunodeficiency diseases in
which antibody levels in the blood
are significantly decreased.
A
Agammaglobulinemia
11
Q
The process by which particulate
antigens such as cells aggregate to
form large complexes when a
specific antibody is present.
A
Agglutination
12
Q
An agglutination reaction based on
competition between
antigen-coated particles and
soluble patient antigens for a
limited number of
antibody-combining sites. Lack of
agglutination is a positive test
result.
A
Agglutination
inhibition
13
Q
An antibody that causes clumping
or agglutination of the cells that
triggered its formation
A
Agglutinin
14
Q
An antigen that triggers a type I
hypersensitivity response (i.e., an
allergy).
A
Allergen
15
Q
An antigen that is found in another
member of the host’s species and
that is capable of eliciting an
immune response in the host.
A
Alloantigen
16
Q
Tissue transferred from an
individual of one species into
another individual of the same
species.
A
Allograft
17
Q
A minor variation in amino acid
sequence in a particular class of
immunoglobulin molecule that is
inherited in Mendelian fashion
A
Allotype
18
Q
A means of activating complement
proteins without an
antigen–antibody combination. This
pathway is triggered by
constituents of microorganisms.
A
Alternative pathway
19
Q
A copy of a select portion of DNA
that is obtained by the polymerase
chain reaction (PCR).
A
Amplicon
20
Q
Copying of nucleic acids to
increase the amount available for
testing.
A
Amplification
21
Q
The substance being measured in
an immunoassay
A
Analyte
22
Q
The lowest measurable amount of
an analyte
A
Analytic sensitivity
23
Q
An assay’s ability to generate a
negative result when the analy
A
Analytic specificity
24
Q
A small peptide formed during
complement activation that causes
increased vascular permeability,
contraction of smooth muscle, and
release of histamine from basophils
and mast cells.
A
Anaphylatoxin
25
A life-threatening response to an
allergen characterized by the
systemic release of histamine.
Anaphylaxis
26
A state of immune
unresponsiveness to a specific
antigen.
Anergy
27
When the action of one cytokine
counteracts the activity of another
cytokine.
Antagonism
28
The process of destroying
antibody-coated target cells by
natural killer cells, monocytes,
macrophages, and neutrophils, all
of which have specific receptors for
an antibody
Antibody-dependent
cell cytotoxicity
(ADCC)
29
Antibody that is attached to toxins
or radioisotopes to help specifically
destroy cancer cells.
Antibody–drug
conjugates
30
The final phase of B-cell
development, which occurs when a
B cell is stimulated by an antigen
and undergoes transformation to a
blast stage, resulting in the
formation of memory cells and
antibody-secreting plasma cells.
Antigen-dependent
phase
31
The first phase of B-cell
development in the bone marrow,
which results in mature B cells that
have not yet been exposed to
antigen
Antigen-independen
t phase
32
The process by which degraded
peptides within cells are
transported to the plasma
membrane with MHC molecules so
T cells can then recognize them.
Antigen
presentation
33
Antibody used in passive
immunization for the purpose of
neutralizing a bacterial toxin.
Antitoxin
34
Programmed cell death.
Apoptosis
35
A type III hypersensitivity skin
reaction that occurs when an
animal has a large amount of
circulating antibody and is exposed
to the antigen intradermally,
resulting in localized deposition of
immune complexes.
Arthus reaction
36
An inherited tendency to respond to
naturally occurring allergens; it
results in the continual production
of IgE.
Atopy
37
A process of producing
nonpathogenic bacteria or viruses
for use in vaccines. These
organisms have been weakened by
treatment with a chemical,
exposure to elevated or cold
temperatures, or repeated in vitro
passage in cell culture..
Attenuation
38
An antibody produced against an
antigen found on an individual’s
own cells, tissues, or organs
Autoantibody
39
An antigen that belongs to the host
and is not capable of eliciting an
immune response under normal
circumstances.
Autoantigen
40
Tissues removed from one area of
an individual’s body and
reintroduced in another area of the
same individual.l.
Autograft
41
A condition in which damage to
body organs results from the
presence of autoantibodies or
autoreactive cells..
Autoimmune
disease
42
A white blood cell (WBC) that kills microbes and presents antigen to T and B cells.
Macrophage
43
The genes that control expression of a large group of proteins
originally identified on leukocytes but now known to be found on all nucleated cells in the body. These
proteins regulate the immune response and play a role in graft rejection.
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
44
Normally present protein in the blood that binds to mannose on bacterial cells and initiates the lectin pathway for complement activation.
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL
45
A tissue cell that plays a role in allergic reactions and also functions as an antigen-presenting cell.
Mast cell
46
The combination of complement components C5b, C6, C7, CS, and C9 that becomes inserted into the target cell membrane, causing lysis.
Membrane attack complex (MAC)
47
Progeny of an antigen-activated B or T cell that is able to respond to antigen more quickly than the parent cell.
Memory cell
48
A substance that stimulates mitosis in all T cells or all B cells, regardless of antigen specificity.
Mitogen
49
Very specific antibody derived from a single antibody-producing cell that has been cloned or duplicated.
Monoclonal antibody
50
The largest white blood cell (WBC) in peripheral blood. It migrates to the tissues to become a
macrophage.
Monocyte
51
A type of lymphocyte that has the ability to kill target cells without prior exposure to them.
Natural killer (NK) cell
52
The process by which T cells that can respond to self-antigen are destroyed in the thymus.
Negative selection
53
A white blood cell (WBC) with a multilobed nucleus and a large number of neutral staining
granules. Its main function is phagocytosis.
Neutrophil
54
Serum proteins that attach to a foreign substance and enhance phagocytosis (from the Greek word
meaning “to prepare for eating”).
Opsonins
55
A reaction in which particles coated with antigens not normally found on their surfaces clump together because of their combination with antibodies.
Passive agglutination
56
A type of immunity that results from the transfer of antibodies from immunized hosts to a nonimmune individual.
Passive immunity
57
Structural patterns of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or bacterial peptides on microorganisms that are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cells of the innate immune system.
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
58
Receptors on cells of the innate immune system that bind to PAMPs on pathogenic microorganisms.
Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs)
59
White pulp of splenic tissue, which is made up of lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and granulocytes. It surrounds the central arterioles.
Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS)
60
A differentiated B cell that actively secretes antibodies.
Plasma cell
61
Many different actions of a single cytokine. The cytokine may affect the activities of more than one kind of cell and have more than one kind of effect on the same cell.
Pleiotropy
62
Derived from many clones of cells. Polyclonal antibodies are derived from many clones of B cells or plasma cells, and are therefore diverse in terms of their antigen specificity.
Polyclonal
63
The presence of two or more different genetic compositions (e.g., HLA genes) among individuals in a population.
Polymorphism
64
The process of selecting immature T lymphocytes for survival on the basis of expression of high levels of CD3 and the ability to respond to self-MHC antigens.
Positive selection
65
Lack of a visible reaction in an antigen– antibody reaction, caused by an excess of antigen.
Post-zone phenomenon
66
The combination of soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce visible insoluble complexes.
Precipitation
67
The organs in which lymphocytes mature: these are the bone marrow and the thymus.
Primary lymphoid organs
68
The initial response to a foreign antigen, characterized by a long lag phase, a slow rise in antibody, and consisting mostly of IgM.
Primary response
69
A protein that stabilized the C3 convertase generated in the alternative complement pathway.
Properdin
70
Lack of a visible reaction in antigen–antibody combination caused by the presence of excess antibody. This may result in a false-negative reaction.
Prozone phenomenon
71
A slide flocculation test for syphilis that detects antibody to cardiolipin.
Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test
72
An antibody formed during the course of syphilis that is directed against cardiolipin and not against Treponema pallidum itself.
Reagin
73
The complement component that consists of the C1qrs complex. This must bind to at least two Fc regions to initiate the classical complement cascade.
Recognition unit
74
A phenomenon that occurs when different cytokines have the same effect.
Redundancy
75
A cluster of B cells that are proliferating in response to a specific antigen.
Secondary follicle
76
An immunodeficiency that is acquired secondary to other conditions, such as certain infections, malignancies, autoimmune disorders, and immunosuppressive therapies
Secondary immunodeficiency
77
Organs that include the spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, tonsils, and other mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue where the main contact with foreign antigens takes place.
Secondary lymphoid organs
78
A second or memory response to an antigen, characterized by a shortened lag period, a more rapid rise in antibody, and higher serum levels for a longer period of time.
Secondary response
79
A protein with a molecular weight of 70,000 that is synthesized in epithelial cells and added to IgA to facilitate transport of IgA to mucosal surfaces.
Secretory component (SC)
80
A protein with a molecular weight of 70,000 that is synthesized in epithelial cells and added to IgA to facilitate transport of IgA to mucosal surfaces.
Secretory component (SC)
81
The ability of the immune system to accept self-antigens and not initiate a response against them.
Self-tolerance
82
The lowest amount of an analyte that can be measured.
Sensitivity
83
(1) The combination of antibody with a single antigenic determinant on the surface of a cell without agglutination. (2) Induction of an immune response.
Sensitization
84
A method of decreasing the strength of an antibody solution by using the same dilution factor for each step.
Serial dilution
85
The study of the noncellular portion of the blood known as serum.
Serology
86
A group of related bacteria or viruses that share specific antigens that can be identified by serological testing.
Serotype
87
The largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body, located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen. Its function is to filter out old cells and foreign antigens.
Spleen
88
Microbial proteins that can act as potent T-cell mitogens because they bind to both class II MHC molecules and T-cell receptors, regardless of antigen specificity.
Superantigens
89
The transfer of tissue or organs between genetically identical individuals such as identical twins.
Syngeneic graft
90
An antigen that requires T-cell help in order for B cells to respond
T-dependent antige
91
Lymphocytes that express the CD4 antigen. Their function is to provide help to B cells in recognizing foreign antigen and producing antibody to it.
T helper (Th) cells
92
T cells that are developed through the expression of IL-12 by dendritic cells, and which are primarily responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
T helper 1 (Th1) cells
93
T cells which are developmentally regulated by IL-4, and whose main function is to drive antibody-mediated immunity.
T helper 2 (Th2) cells
94
A subset of T cells that play an important role in host defense against bacterial and fungal infections at mucosal surfaces. They secrete IL-17 which attracts neutrophils to the site of infection.
T helper 17 (Th17) cells
95
A subpopulation of T cells that play an important role in suppressing the immune response to self-antigens.
T regulatory (Treg) cell
96
Immature lymphocyte, found in the thymus, that undergoes differentiation to become a mature T cell.
Thymocyte
97
A small, flat, bilobed organ found in the thorax of humans, which serves as the site for differentiation of T cells.
Thymus
98
Antigens that are able to elicit antibody formation in the absence of T cells.
T-independent antigens
99
A figure that represents the relative strength of an antibody. It is the reciprocal of the highest dilution in which a positive reaction occurs.
Titer
100
Receptors found on human leukocytes and other cell types that recognize microorganisms and aid in their destruction.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
101
An allergic reaction in which an antigen specific IgE antibody binds to mast cells and basophils, triggering degranulation and the release of chemical mediators; also known as anaphylactic hypersensitivity.
Type I hypersensitivity
102
An immune reaction in which IgG or IgM antibodies are produced to cell surface receptors, causing damage to the cells, dysfunction of the cells, or overstimulation of the function of the cells; also known as antibody-mediated cytotoxic hypersensitivity.
Type II hypersensitivity
103
An immune reaction in which IgG or IgM antibodies react with soluble antigens to form small complexes that precipitate in the tissues and activate complement to induce inflammation; also known as complex-mediated hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity
104
A cell-mediated response involving the release of cytokines that induce inflammation and tissue damage 24 to 72 hours after contact with an antigen.
Type IV hypersensitivity
105
An antigen preparation derived from a pathogen that is administered to healthy individuals in order to produce immunity to an infectious disease
Vaccine
106
The amino-terminal region of an immunoglobulin molecule (half of a light chain or quarter of a heavy chain) that has a unique amino acid sequence for each different immunoglobulin molecule. This part is responsible for the specificity of a particular immunoglobulin molecule.
Variable region
107
The transfer of tissue from an individual of one species to an individual of another species, such as animal tissue transplanted to a human.
Xenograft
108
A type of white blood cell (WBC)
found in peripheral blood,
containing granules that release
substances that are involved in
allergic reactions.
Basophil
109
Monoclonal immunoglobulin light
chains found in the urine of patients
with multiple myeloma
Bence Jones proteins
109
Monoclonal immunoglobulin light
chains found in the urine of patients
with multiple myeloma
Bence Jones proteins
110
A phenomenon that occurs in
complement activation when C3b
becomes deposited on host cells,
making them a target for
destruction by phagocytic cells.
Bystander lysis
111
A glycoprotein that acts to
dissociate C1r and C1s from C1q,
thus inhibiting the first active
enzyme formed in the classical
complement cascade..
C1 inhibitor (C1-INH)
112
A protein in the complement
system that serves as a cofactor for
factor 1 in the inactivation of C4b.
C4-binding protein
(C4BP)
113
An enzyme immunoassay using
two antibodies: The first binds the
antigen to a solid phase, and the
second contains the enzyme label
and acts as an indicator
Capture assay
114
When a cytokine secreted by a
specific type of cell activates target
cells to produce additional
cytokines.
Cascade induction
115
Type of lymphocyte that provides
help to B cells to initiate antibody
production.
CD4 T cell
116
A type of immunity in which T cells
produce cytokines that help to
regulate both the innate and
adaptive immune response.
Cell-mediated
immunity
117
Destruction of potentially
self-reactive T and B cells as they
mature in either the thymus or the
bone marrow..
Central tolerance
118
The production of light energy by a
chemical reaction
Chemiluminescence
119
A technique that employs a
chemical attached to either an
antigen or antibody. Light is emitted
because of a chemical reaction and
indicates an antigen–antibody
combination has taken place
Chemiluminescent
immunoassay
120
A large family of homologous
cytokines that promote migration of
white blood cells through
chemotaxis.
Chemokines
121
A protein or other substance that
acts as a chemical messenger to
produce chemotaxis..
Chemotaxin
122
The migration of cells in the
direction of a chemical messenger.
Chemotaxis
123
Rejection of a graft that usually
occurs after the first year and
results from progressive fibrosis of
blood vessels in the grafted tissue.
Chronic rejection
124
Proteins coded for by genes at
three loci (A, B, C) in the major
histocompatibility complex. They
are expressed on all nucleated
cells and are important to consider
in the transplantation of tissues..
Class I MHC (HLA)
molecules
125
Proteins coded for by the DR, DP,
and DQ loci of the major
histocompatibility complex. They
are found on B cells, macrophages,
activated T cells, monocytes,
dendritic cells, and endothelium,
and are important to consider in the
transplantation of tissues
Class II MHC (HLA)
molecules
126
The production of
immunoglobulins other than IgM by
daughter cells of antigen-exposed
B lymphocytes
Class switching
127
A means of activating a
complement that begins with an
antigen–antibody combination.
Classical pathway
128
The process of elimination of
clones of lymphocytes that would
be capable of an autoimmune
response.
Clonal deletion
129
A theory postulated to explain the
specificity of antibody formation,
based on the premise that each
lymphocyte is genetically
programmed to produce a specific
type of antibody and is selected by
contact with an antigen.
Clonal selection
theory
130
Antigenic features of leukocytes
that are identified by groups of
monoclonal antibodies expressing
common or overlapping activity.
Clusters of
differentiation (CD)
131
A protein in human serum that
promotes monocyte differentiation
Colony stimulating
factor (CSF)
132
An immunoassay in which
unlabeled and labeled antigen
compete for a limited number of
binding sites on reagent antibodies.
Competitive
immunoassay
133
A series of proteins which are
normally present in serum and
whose overall functions are
mediation of inflammation and
destruction of foreign cells.
Complement
134
Killing of cells that results from
attachment of antibodies with
activation of complement.
Complement-depen
dent cytotoxicity
(CDC)
135
A trace constituent of serum that
increases rapidly following infection
or trauma to the body and acts as
an opsonin to enhance
phagocytosis.
C-reactive protein
(CRP)
136
A phenomenon that occurs when
an antibody reacts with an antigen
that is structurally similar to the
original antigen that induced
antibody production.
Cross-reactivity
137
Immunoglobulins of the IgM class
that precipitate at cold
temperatures, causing occlusion of
blood vessels in the extremities if a
patient is exposed to the cold.
Cryoglobulins
138
Chemical messenger produced by
stimulated cells that affects the
function or activity of other cells.
Cytokine
139
T cells that bear the CD8 marker.
They kill virus-infected cells and
tumor cells by triggering
apoptosis
Cytotoxic T cell
