M2

Question 1

As an optometrist

Answer 1

vital that you are aware of the major causes of childhood
visual difficulties so that you can correctly detect, prevent or manage them appropriately

Question 2

4 Ocular conditions

Answer 2

Refractive errors
Strabismus
Amblyopia
Nystagmus

Question 3

all departures from emmetropia

Answer 3

Refractive Error

Question 4

myopia with onset at any age between 6-15 years

Answer 4

Juvenile Myopia

Question 5

Significant difference in between refractive error between the eyes (more than 1.00D)

Answer 5

Anisometropia

Question 6

myopia will remain and will probably increase

Answer 6

Myopia

Question 7

child will likely remain hyperopic

Answer 7

Hyperopia in excess of +1.50D

Question 8

high probability of being emmetropic

Answer 8

Hyperopia between +0.50 and +1.25D

Question 9

high probability of being myopic

Answer 9

Hyperopia between zero and +0.50D

Question 10

an even higher probability of becoming against the rule astigmatism and myopic

Answer 10

Between zero and +0.50 and against the rule astigmatism

Question 11

*convergent, divergent or vertical
*constant or intermittent
*unilateral or bilateral
*comitant or incomitant

Answer 11

Strabismus

Question 11

failure of the visual axes of the eye to pass through the point of fixation

Answer 11

Strabismus

Question 11

non-optical and non pathological refraction in VA

Answer 11

Amblyopia

Question 12

caused by visual deprivation before the age of 2-6 years

Answer 12

Nystagmus

Question 12

*Strabismic
*Refractive
*Meridional
*Anisometropia
*Deprivational

Answer 12

Classification of Amblyopia

Question 13

involuntary oscillation of the eyes

Answer 13

Nystagmus

Question 14

*may be pendular or jerk
*common causes: congenital cataract and albinism
*often associated with strabismus

Answer 14

Nystagmus

Question 15

7 Pediatric ocular pathology

Answer 15

*Congenital cataract
*Albinism
*Congenital ptosis
*Epicanthus
*Fundus anomalies
*Anterior eye infections
*Haemangioma

Question 16

Common cataract that do not interfere with vision

Answer 16

Cortical and sutural cataracts

Question 17

cataract that interferes with vision

Answer 17

Lamellar cataract

Question 18

type of albinism that is hereditary inability to synthesize melanin

Answer 18

Oculocutaneous albinism

Question 19

type of albinism that affects the eye only

Answer 19

Ocular albinism

Question 20

dropping of the upper lid

Answer 20

Congenital ptosis

Question 21

*caused by the dystrophy of the levator muscle
*if pupil is obscured, may lead to amblyopia

Answer 21

Congenital ptosis

Question 22

*fold of skin stretching from upper to lower lid and covers medial canthus *may give appearance of esotropia (pseudo-esotropia)

Answer 22

Epicanthus

Question 23

fundus anomalies that is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor

Answer 23

Retinoblastoma

Question 24

*type of fundus anomalies that occurs in neonates whom oxygen is admisnistered *retina neovascularization *associated with congenital myopia

Answer 24

Retinopathy of prematurity

Question 25

most common in childhood and caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Answer 25

Blepharitis

Question 26

*most common anterior eye infetion caused by adenovirus

Answer 26

Viral conjunctivitis

Question 26

*eye appears red, scaly and swollen *gives rise to itching, burning and photophobia *gives rise to internal/external hordeolum, chalazion or bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 26

Blepharitis

Question 27

*contagious, initially unilateral with hyperaemia and watery discharge *resolves within 2-3 weeks

Answer 27

Viral conjunctivitis

Question 28

*caused by pollen or animals *often occurs in association with hay fever, asthma, eczema *self limiting once allergen is removed

Answer 28

Allergic conjucntivitis

Question 28

*congenital *may be superficial 'strawberry naevus' or deeper with more reddish blue swelling *disappears by the age of 5 years

Answer 28

Haemangioma

Question 28

total absence of color vision

Answer 28

Achromatopsia

Question 29

incomplete loss of sensitivity to certain wavelenghts

Answer 29

Anomalous trichromacy

Question 30

*most common color vision anomalies *reduced color discrimination ability

Answer 30

Deuteranomalous trichromacy

Question 31

color vision is dependent on 2 types of cones

Answer 31

Dichromacy

Question 32

Red sensitive photopigment is absent

Answer 32

Protanopia

Question 33

green sensitive photopigment is absent

Answer 33

Deuteranopia

Question 34

reduces sensitivity to red colors

Answer 34

Protanomalous trichromacyc

Question 35

acquired defect, result of retinal disease (eg. RP or diabetes)

Answer 35

Tritanopia