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PSYC 401 > M2 > Flashcards

M2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Nancy McWilliams’ main argument about treatment approaches?

A

Treatment must consider unique personal subjectivity, as what helps one person may harm another.

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2
Q

What are the two main types of case formulation?

A
  1. Scientific Approach: Develop and test models based on information.
  2. Formulation-Based Clinical Work: Develop a personalized hypothesis for the client and refine it over time.
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3
Q

What is the goal of psychodynamic case formulation?

A

To increase treatment effectiveness by understanding how individuals organize their emotions, knowledge, sensations, and behaviors.

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4
Q

What are the three elements of the Triangle of Adaptation?

A
  1. Defense/Behavior: Coping mechanisms for anxiety.
  2. Affect: Emotions related to defense (e.g., anxiety, depression).
  3. Attachment Needs: The need to belong, be accepted, and avoid rejection.
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5
Q

How does perfectionism function as a defense mechanism?

A

It helps maintain ego integrity and psychological balance but can become maladaptive if misaligned with the situation.

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6
Q

What are the three types of inquiries used in psychodynamic therapy?

A
  1. Developmental Inquiry: How past experiences shape defenses.
  2. Relational Inquiry: How defenses impact interpersonal relationships.
  3. Attachment Inquiry: How attachment needs influence behavior.
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7
Q

What are the three parts of the Triangle of Object Relations?

A
  1. Past Relationships
  2. Current Relationships (including self)
  3. Therapist/Group Relationships
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8
Q

What are two foundational assumptions of psychodynamic therapy?

A
  1. Personality and interpersonal patterns are central to therapy.
  2. Wishes/needs underlie interpersonal behaviors.
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9
Q

How does CBT define psychological disorders?

A

Disorders –> result from unhelpful patterns of interpretation and behavior.

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10
Q

What are the 5 Ps of CBT case formulation?

A
  1. Presenting Problems: Emotions, thoughts, behaviors.
  2. Precipitating Factors: Triggers that initiated the issue.
  3. Perpetuating Factors: Ongoing reinforcers of the problem.
  4. Predisposing Factors: Long-term vulnerabilities.
  5. Protective Factors: Strengths and resiliency.
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11
Q

What are the four elements of a complete CBT case formulation?

A
  1. Problems/Symptoms
  2. Causal Mechanisms (Psychological/biological factors)
  3. Precipitants (Triggers)
  4. Origins of Mechanisms
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12
Q

What is the mechanism hypothesis in CBT?

A

A description of the processes that cause and maintain symptoms (e.g., negative thought cycles).

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13
Q

How does CBT differ from psychodynamic therapy?

A
  • CBT is structured, short-term, and based on modifying cognitive patterns.
  • Psychodynamic therapy focuses on unconscious processes and past relationships.
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14
Q

How do defenses influence interpersonal transactions?

A

Defenses shape behaviors and interactions, helping individuals maintain ego integrity and psychological stability.

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15
Q

What differentiates well-adjusted vs. maladjusted individuals in terms of defenses?

A

Well-adjusted: Uses appropriate defenses depending on context.
Maladjusted: Uses misaligned defenses that may have been useful in the past but no longer serve them.

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16
Q

How does anxiety relate to attachment needs?

A

Anxiety is often caused by frustrated/unfulfilled attachment needs.

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17
Q

What is relational inquiry, and why is it important in therapy?

A

It examines how defenses and attachment needs manifest in interpersonal interactions and reinforce self-concept.

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18
Q

How does the Triangle of Object Relations shape self-experience?

A
  • Experiences in past and current relationships influence self-perception.
  • These shape interactions with others, reinforcing relational patterns.
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19
Q

What is the purpose of using triangles in treatment?

A
  • Helps explore past/current relationships.
  • Identifies perfectionism patterns in therapy.
  • Develops alternative ways to meet interpersonal needs.
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20
Q

How does modifying unrealistic thinking in CBT impact emotional well-being?

A

Changing cognitive distortions leads to improved emotions and behaviors.

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21
Q

What are schemas, assumptions, and maintenance cycles in CBT?

A
  • Schemas: Core beliefs about self, world, and others.
  • Assumptions: Rules people use to navigate life.
  • Maintenance Cycles: Patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that reinforce problems.
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22
Q

What is the difference between proximal and distal triggers in CBT?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Proximal triggers: Immediate or recent stressors that activate symptoms.
  • Distal triggers: Long-term vulnerabilities that contribute over time.
23
Q

Why does CBT emphasize mechanisms over just symptoms?

Study These Flashcards
A

Mechanisms explain why symptoms persist, allowing for targeted intervention.

24
Q

What is an introject in the context of self-definition?

Study These Flashcards
A

An internalized representation of others that influences self-perception.

25
What is the importance of theory in psychological assessment?
It helps: 1. explain personality/behavior changes, 2. understand behavioral differences 3. predict/change behavior.
26
What are the 8 specific competencies in psychological assessment?
1. Background in psychometric theory 2. Knowledge of assessment bases 3. Techniques for cognitive, affective, behavioral, and personality assessment 4. Assessing treatment outcomes 5. Evaluating roles, contexts, relationships in assessment 6. Understanding collaborative professional relationships 7. Relationship between assessment & intervention 8. Technical skills (case conceptualization, data gathering, communication, etc.)
27
What are the major goals of **psychological assessment**?
- Problem explication - Formulation (explain problem genesis, maintenance, and treatment planning) - Diagnosis (assigning diagnostic categories via structured interviews) - Prognosis (expected course and recovery speed) - Treatment recommendations - Providing therapeutic context - Communicating findings
28
What are the key differences between diagnosis and formulation?
- Diagnosis: Uses structured interviews, assigns a diagnostic label, follows a classification system. - Formulation: Assumes uniqueness, focuses on personal experience, integrates interviews/tests/process variables, based on theoretical perspective.
29
What are the key components of a **psychological formulation**?
- Intra-individual issues: Coping styles, background info - Interpersonal issues: Relationship styles - Environmental issues: Family, work, friends - Process-related issues: Motivation, emotions
30
What are the alternative terms for psychodiagnostic assessment?
Personality assessment, diagnostic assessment, pretreatment assessment, psychological assessment.
31
What is the primary technique used in psychodiagnostic assessment?
Clinical interview (used by 95% of psychologists, according to Watkins et al., 1995).
32
What are the main purposes of clinical interviews?
- **Gathering clinical data** (demographics, problem history, medical history, family history, relationships, previous treatment) - Understanding **difficulties & treatment context** - Establishing **therapeutic alliance**
33
Why is noting previous treatment important in clinical interviews?
If a patient had a positive connection with a therapist before, it indicates therapy may be effective. Conversely, a negative experience is also critical to note.
34
What skills are important for conducting clinical interviews?
- Developing rapport: Creating a connection-friendly atmosphere - Active listening: Using open-ended questions, paraphrasing, reflecting affect, clarifications, summarizing, and minimal encouragements - Secondary listening skills: Normalizing, structuring, probing
35
What are the main types of interviews used in psychological assessment?
Semi-structured, structured, and unstructured interviews.
36
What are the advantages of semi-structured interviews?
- Builds rapport - Flexible and modifiable - Not limited to specific tools - Common in clinical settings
37
What are the disadvantages of semi-structured interviews?
- Reliability/validity varies between clinicians - Susceptible to **clinical biases** (e.g., pre-judgment, confirmation bias) - Not suitable for research
38
What is the purpose of structured interviews?
- Provide **clear diagnosis based on strict criteria** - Not designed for rapport-building - Highly structured, focused on diagnosis
39
What are the advantages of structured interviews?
- High reliability - Good for research - Useful for diagnosing specific disorders
40
What are the disadvantages of structured interviews?
- Rigid and time-consuming - Constrained by diagnosis, missing other relevant info - Not ideal for establishing rapport
41
What is reliability in psychological testing?
The consistency of a test in measuring what it is supposed to measure.
42
What are the key types of reliability?
1. Internal consistency – How well test items measure the same construct. 2. Test-retest reliability – Consistency over time. 3. Inter-rater reliability – Agreement between different raters.
43
What is validity in psychological testing?
The extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.
44
What are the major types of validity?
1. Construct validity – How well the test represents the concept. 2. Criterion validity – How well test scores relate to external measures. * Concurrent validity – Relationship to current performance. * Predictive validity – Ability to predict future outcomes. 3.Content validity – How well the test covers all relevant aspects of the construct.
45
What is standardization in psychological testing?
The process of **administering a test under uniform conditions** and **scoring it using consistent procedures.**
46
Why is norming important in test development?
It allows comparison of an individual's score to a representative sample, ensuring the test is meaningful.
47
What are the steps in psychological test development?
1. Define the construct. 2. Develop test items. 3. Pilot testing. 4. Analyze reliability & validity. 5. Standardization & norming.
48
What is **factor analysis**, and why is it used?
A statistical method used to **i****dentify underlying relationships between test items**, ensuring a test measures distinct constructs.
49
What are the four ethical principles in psychological assessment?
1. Respect for rights & dignity – Informed consent, confidentiality. 2. Competence – Using assessments properly, staying updated. 3. Integrity – Avoiding deception/misuse of tests. 4. Responsibility – Ensuring assessments benefit the client and society.
50
What is informed consent in assessment?
The process of explaining the **purpose, risks, benefits, and confidentiality terms** before conducting an assessment.
51
What should psychologists disclose before an assessment?
- Purpose of the assessment - How results will be used - Limits of confidentiality
52
When can confidentiality be broken in assessment?
1. Harm to self or others 2. Child/elder abuse suspicion 3. Legal requirements (court order)
53
What is the role of cultural competence in assessment?
- Ensuring **fair interpretation** of test results **across diverse backgrounds.** - **Avoiding bias** in test selection & scoring.

PSYC 401 (3 decks)

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