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Biology-Module 2 > M2-T1:Basic Component of Living Systems > Flashcards

M2-T1:Basic Component of Living Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is Magnification?

A

The factor by which the image is larger than the specimen

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2
Q

What is Resolution?

A

Ability to distinguish between two objects that are close together

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3
Q

What are the different types of microscopes?

A

Electron, Light, Laser scanning confocal

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4
Q

Give the function and use of an Optical Microscope?

A

> Use light to form an image
-Limited resolution=Long wavelength of light
+Can be used to observe eukaryotic cells and their nuclei

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5
Q

Give the function and use of an Electron Microscope?

A

> Uses electron to form an image
+generated greater resolution

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6
Q

What are the 2 type of electron microscopes?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope, Scanning Electron microscope

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7
Q

Give the function and use of a Scanning Electron microscope.

A

> Electrons bounce off the surface to create an image
Can produce 3d images
Can be used on thick specimens
Lower resolution
Cant be used on Live specimens

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8
Q

Give the function and use of a Transmission Electron microscope.

A

> Use EM’s to focus a beam of electrons
Beam is transmitted through the specimen

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9
Q

What are the advantages and Dis of a Transmission Electron Microscope

A

Ads:
>High res + Internal structures can be seen

Dis:
>Only used with thin and dead specimens
>Doesn’t produce colour images

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10
Q

What is a Laser Confocal Microscope

A

> Use light to illuminate a specimen, but floods specimen with a laser.

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11
Q

What are the advantages and Dis of a Laser Confocal Microscope

A

Ads:
>High Res Images
>Suitable for thick specimens

Dis:
>Slow process=takes a long time
>Laser, potential could photodamage the cell

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of sample preparations?

A

Dry mount, Wet mount, Squash slide, smear slide

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13
Q

What is Dry Mount?

A

1)Sectioning- solid specimens are cut into thin slices
2)Specimen is placed on the centre of the slide and a cover slip is placed on top.

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14
Q

What is Wet Mount?

A

1)Specimens are suspended in a liquid
2)Cover slip is placed on from an angle.

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15
Q

What is Squash Slide?

A

> Wet mounts which you push down on coverslip to squash the sample= thin layer for light to pass
Used to view chromosomes

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16
Q

What is smear slide?

A

The edge of a slide is used to smear the sample, creating a thin, coating on another slide.

17
Q

Why is staining used in Light microscopy?

A

Many tissues used in microscopy are naturally transparent, they let light and electron pass through= Makes difficult to see any detail.

18
Q

How do you use staining?

A

Coloured Dyes are used:
>They absorb specific colours of light
>Certain tissues absorb certain dyes.

19
Q

What is Differential Staining?

A

Many different chemicals used to stain different part of the cells.

20
Q

What are all the structures in Eukaryotic cells?

A

Mitochondrion, SER, RER ,Nuclear envelope, Nucleolus, Nucleus, Golgi Apparatus, Ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, lysosome

21
Q

What is the function of the Nucleus?

A

> Contains nearly all the cell’s genetic material
Chromatin: consist of DNA and protein

22
Q

What is the function of Nuclear envelopes?

A

> Has Nuclear pores going through the envelope to let relatively large molecules pass through
Allows exchange of substance in and out of the cell

23
Q

What is the function of the Nucleolus

A

> Produces ribosomes, which move out of the nucleus to catch onto the outs of the RER.

24
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

> Surrounded by 2 membranes
Energy generator
Inner layer folds to form cristae
Cristae projects into a liquid = Matrix

25
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

> Site of protein synthesis
Each consists of sub units.

26
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

> Its membranes surrounds an area of fluid where the complex molecules are stored and changed.
Modifies protein from ER
Packages modifies proteins into vesicles.

27
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

> They’re special sacs surrounded by a single membrane
They’re specialised vesicles
Contain powerful digestive enzymes which may go to the cell surface to get secreted.

28
Q

What is the function of he RER?

A

> Contains a series of flattened membrane bound sacs called cisternae.
Studded with ribosomes
Some protein will be secreted, rest will be placed on the cell surface

29
Q

What is the function of the SER

A

> Involved in making lipids

30
Q

What is the function of Microtubules?

A

> Hollow filaments of protein tubulin
Give structure support
Form organelles- centrioles of cilia

31
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

> Made up of 9 bundles of microtubules
Help in organizing cell division.

32
Q

What us the function of the cillia?

A

> Hair like projection made from microtubules.
Allows the movement of substance over the cell surface.

33
Q

What is the function of the flagella?

A

> Similar in structure to cilia
Contracts to provide cell movement

34
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

> Provides mechanical strength
Helps maintain the stability of the cell
Movement of chromosomes

35
Q

What is the function of Microfilaments?

A

> Responsible for cell movement

36
Q

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus?

A

> Add carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoprotein
produces secretory enzymes
Secretes carbohydrates
Modifies proteins

37
Q

What are all the steps included in Protein production and Secretion?

A

1)Nucleus copies DNA instruction into a molecule (mRNA)
2)mRNA attaches to ribosome (Site of protein synthesis)
3)Insulin molecules are pinched off into vesicles and travel towards Golgi
4)Golgi modifies proteins, (Vesicles fuse with Golgi)
5)Modified insulin molecule moves towards cell surface membrane
6)Cell surface membrane opens to release insulin molecules outside.

38
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

> Build sugars

Biology-Module 2 (2 decks)

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