M2 - The Body in Motion

Question 1

What are the 5 main functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 1

-Giving structure to the body
-Attaches to muscle to allow movement
-Protecting vital organs and tissues
-Producing red and white blood cells
-Stores minerals

Question 2

What are the 3 main types of bones and their roles?

Answer 2

Long bones and short bones: act as levers to transfer forces e.g. femur, humerus and wrist, ankle
Flat bones: protect vital organs e.g. scapula, sternum

Question 3

What are the 8 planes of the body?

Answer 3

Superior and inferior: up and down
Anterior and posterior: front and back
Medial and lateral: middle, outer
Proximal and Distal: towards mass and away

Question 4

What bones are in the shoulder to arm?

Answer 4

clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpal, phalanges

Question 5

What bones are in the leg?

Answer 5

Femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 6

What are the bones in the spine to pelvis?

Answer 6

Cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, Ilium, sacrum, coccyx

Question 7

What is a joint and what are the three groups of joints?

Answer 7

A junction of two or more bones.
Fibrous: immoveable (cranium)
Cartilaginous: slightly moveable (vertebral column)
Synovial: freely moveable (hip)

Question 8

What is the structure of a synovial joint and what is their function?

Answer 8

Ligaments: Connect articulating bones
Tendons: Connects muscles to bones
Cartilage: Layer covering bones for movement
Synovial fluid: Lubricant cushioning bone to bones

Question 9

What are the 6 kind of synovial joints?

Answer 9

Ball and socket: hip
Hinge: elbow
Pivot: neck
Ellipsoid: patella
Saddle: between carpals
Plane: between metacarpals and phalanges

Question 10

What is flexion and extension and where can it be done?

Answer 10

Decrease/increase in the angle of the joint.
-Elbow, knee, neck, shoulder, hip
e.g. Flexion of elbow in bicep curl

Question 11

What is abduction and adduction and where can it be done?

Answer 11

Movement of body part away/towards midline of body
-Arms, legs
e.g. Abduction of the arm in lateral raises

Question 12

What is circumduction and rotation?

Answer 12

Circumduction is drawing a circular motion with a body part (arms and fingers)
e.g. freestyle swimming
Rotation is spinning the bone in its socket (hip and shoulder)
e.g. Tennis serve

Question 13

What are the 2 wrist joint actions?

Answer 13

Supination: turning the palm facing up
Pronation: turning the palm facing down

Question 14

What are the 4 ankle joint actions?

Answer 14

Dorsi flexion: flex up
Plantar flexion: point down
Inversion: inwards
Eversion: outwards

Question 15

What are the 2 shoulder joint actions?

Answer 15

Elevation: lifting
Deepression: releasing

Question 16

What are the 2 parts of the skeleton called?

Answer 16

Axial: The bones along the body’s long axis (skull, vertebrate column, ribs)
Apendicular: The upper and lower limbs which attach to the axial skeleton (arms and legs)

Question 17

What is the purpose of the muscular system?

Answer 17

Contract to allow the movement of the body.

Question 18

What muscles are in the shoulder to arm?

Answer 18

Deltoid, bicep, tricep, wrist flexors

Question 19

Which muscles are in the torso, front and back?

Answer 19

Pectoralis major, rectus abdominus, obliques
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae

Question 20

What are the muscles in the lower limb?

Answer 20

Gluteus maximus, abductor, adductor, quadricep, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior

Question 21

What is the muscle relationships in movement?
Provide examples

Answer 21

Agonist: prime mover contracting to cause major action
Antagonist: relaxes and lengthens allowing agonist to contract
Stabiliser: stabilises a joint for desired motion can be performed.
e.g. bicep and tricep
hamstring, quadriceps

Question 22

What are the types of muscle contractions?

Answer 22

Concentric: dynamic contraction where muscle length shortens
Eccentric: dynamic contraction where muscle lengthens
Isometric: muscle length remains constant, producing tension

Question 23

What is the function of the respiratory system?

Answer 23

Allowing for the exchange of gases in the body to provide oxygen for the muscles to function. This uses glucose and oxygen while producing carbon dioxide, water and energy.

Question 24

What is the path of respiration?

Answer 24

Air enters the body through the nose and mouth where it is warmed and filtered. It then passes the pharynx, larynx and down a hollow tube of ringed cartilage called the trachea. The trachea branches into two bronchi in the right and left lung which continue branching into bronchioles leading to tiny air sacs called alveoli. Alveoli are one cell thick and lined with capillaries, allowing CO2 and O2 to be exchanged via diffusion. The diaphragm then contracts to push the air back out.

Question 25

What are the two lung functions?

Answer 25

Inspiration: diaphragm contracts and flattens as the external intercostal muscles lift the ribs to increase the volume of the chest. Air pressure decreases making air from the outside rush in Expiration: Diaphragm expands and relaxes, lifting up to return to resting position. Volume of chest decreases and air pressure increases, pushing it out.

Question 26

How does gas exchange work?

Answer 26

During inspiration, high oxygen air and low carbon dioxide air fills the alveoli while the capillaries that line in are low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide. The difference in concentration causes diffusion where the gases are exchanged, allowing greater oxygen concentration in the blood and greater carbon dioxide in the air to be breathed out.

Question 27

What are the effects of physical activity on respiration?

Answer 27

-Demand for oxygen increases for working muscles -More carbon dioxide is produced -Rate and depth of breathing increases -Blood flow to the lungs increases

Question 28

What is the function of the circulatory system?

Answer 28

Allows the transportation of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing carbon dioxide and waste. It also protects the body through clotting and regulates the body's temperature.

Question 29

What are the blood vessels in the circulatory system?

Answer 29

Artery: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back from the body towards the heart Capillaries: Connect arteries and veins, allow gas exchange.

Question 30

What are the components of blood?

Answer 30

Red blood cells: Carry oxygen White blood cells: Fight infections Platelets: Clotting to prevent blood loss Plasma: Liquid carrying nutrients and water

Question 31

What is the path of the circulatory system beginning with the left ventricle?

Answer 31

Oxygenated blood from the left ventricles goes up the aorta around the body to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide. The deoxygenated blood then returns through the superior and inferior vena cava, meeting in the right atrium. The blood goes down the right ventricle and through the pulmonary artery to the right and left lung where oxygen is diffused in and carbon dioxide is diffused out. The oxygenated blood return through pulmonary veins to the left atrium and back to the left ventricle.

Question 32

What are the two actions of the heart?

Answer 32

Diastole: the relaxation of the muscle and filling phase of blood in the heart Systole: the contraction of the heart, pumping blood out of it to around the body

Question 33

What are the types of circulation?

Answer 33

Pulmonary: The path of blood to and from the lungs on the right side of the heart Systemic: The path of blood to and from the body on the left side of the heart

Question 34

What is blood pressure

Answer 34

The force exerted by blood on the walls of the blood vessels. This reflects the quantity of blood pushed out and ease/difficulty of blood flow. systolic blood pressure: blood pumped out (highest reading) diastolic blood pressure: blood returns (weakest reading and flow)

Question 35

How is blood pressure measured?

Answer 35

Sphygmomanometer: an inflatable cuff is placed around the arm and inflated with a pump. This is attached to a gauge that measures the pressure in the cuff.

Question 36

What are health-related components of fitness?

Answer 36

Aspects of fitness enabling health and protection of sickness as well performance of daily tasks and sports. Cardio-respiratory endurance Muscular endurance Muscular strength Flexibility Body composition

Question 37

What is cardiorespiratory endurance and how can it be measured? Name a sport where it is used

Answer 37

Ability of working muscles to take up and use oxygen -Beep test: complete shuttle runs from a 20m distance with recorded beeps -Soccer

Question 38

What is muscular endurance and how can it be measured? Name a sport where it is used

Answer 38

Ability of muscles to endure physical work for extended periods of time -one-minute sit-up test -Cycling

Question 39

What is muscular strength and how can it be measured? Name a sport where it is used

Answer 39

Ability to exert force against a resistance -Handgrip dynamometer test: extend arm to shoulder height and squeeze as hard as possible -Weightlifting

Question 40

What is flexibility and how can it be measured? Name a sport where it is used

Answer 40

Range of motion about a joint. -Sit and reach test: feet against box and reach slowly as far as possible -Dancing

Question 41

What is body composition and how can it be measured? Name a sport where it is used

Answer 41

Percentage of fat opposed to lean body mass -Skinfold test: Take skin fold from 4 sites and place callipers to get measurement -Wrestling

Question 42

What are skill-related components of fitness?

Answer 42

Do not specifically impact health but improve performance of activities and sports. Balance Speed Coordination Reaction time Agility Power

Question 43

What is balance and how can it be measured? Name a sport where it is used

Answer 43

A state where the body is in a stable position (static or dynamic). -Stork test: standing on one leg as long as possible -Gymnastics

Question 44

What is speed and how can it be measured? Name a sport where it is used

Answer 44

The rate of change in positions -Sprints 10m -Sprinting

Question 45

What is coordination and how can it be measured? Name a sport where it is used

Answer 45

Ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently -Alternate hand wall toss: throw a ball at the wall with one hand and catch with the other -Netball

Question 46

What is reaction time and how can it be measured? Name a sport where it is used

Answer 46

Time taken to respond to a stimulus -Ruler reaction time test: place forearm on a flat surface and line rulers up to thumb level. Drop and measure where caught -Table tennis

Question 47

What is agility and how can it be measured? Name a sport where it is used

Answer 47

Ability to change direction or position of body rapidly and efficiently -Illinois agility test: Complete a course of running around cones under a timer. -Soccer

Question 48

What is power and how can it be measured? Name a sport where it is used

Answer 48

Combining speed and strength in an explosive action -Vertical jump test: squat and jump as high as possible -High jump

Question 49

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic training?

Answer 49

Aerobic training is for overall good health and requires oxygen. This is low to moderate intensity and targets endurance capacity by improving delivery of oxygen e.g. jogging and swimming Anaerobic training is specialised training done without the presence of oxygen. It is higher in intesity and for a short period of time, improving body's efficiency of turning blood sugar to energy. e.g. sprinting and weightlifting

Question 50

What is motion? What are the types?

Answer 50

Motion used to describe movement and path of body. Linear, angular and general motion.

Question 51

What is angular and general motion?

Answer 51

The motion of a body about a fixed point or fixed axis. It is equal to the angle passed over at the point or axis by a line drawn to the body. General motion is a combination of linear and rotary motions.

Question 52

When does linear motion occur? What is an example of linear motion?

Answer 52

When a body and all parts connected to it travel the same distance in the same direction and at the same speed. e.g. swimming, and sprint events.

Question 53

What is velocity and how is it calculated? When can velocity be calculated?

Answer 53

Refers to rate of positional change of an obect Calculate using displacement divided by time taken. When objects are projects or players move from on place to another on a sporting field, the path taken is rarely straight.

Question 54

What is speed and how is it calculated?

Answer 54

Speed is when an object such as a car moves along a road, or a person runs in a race, of how fast each is moving. Speed is determined by dividing distance over time.

Question 55

What is acceleration defined as and how can it be calculated?

Answer 55

Rate at which velocity changes with respect to time. Acceleration = force/mass

Question 56

What is momentum and how is it calculated? An example?

Answer 56

Momentum is product of mass and velocity. Momentum = mass(kg) x velocity(m/s) In golf, momentum applies through the transfer of mometum from the golf club to the golf ball. In sprinting, momentum applied through transfer of momentum from the starting position on the block to sprinting.

Question 57

What improvements in running form can increase performance? Why is this important

Answer 57

Arm movement - foward movement of on arm and the backward movement of other, creating a force that rotates the upper body around a vertical axis in a given direction. Leg movement - create a force on the lower body around a vertical axis in the opposite direction of the upper body, creating angular momentum. Make better use of the runner's energy. Improvement in performance time.

Question 58

What are the two types of balance? What are the major factors that affect a person's stability:

Answer 58

Static balance is when a person remains over a relatively fixed base. Dynamic is when a performer is in motion Major factors that affect a person's stability are the: - area of the base of support - relation of the line of gravity to the edge of the base - height of the centre of gravity - mass of the person

Question 59

What is the centre of gravity and how may it alter?

Answer 59

Point where all body weight is concentrated or the point about which the body weight is evenly distributed. Body's centre og rgavity shifts with each body movement. External loads may alter the position of the centre of gravity. Greater external load, farther the combine centre of gravity will be from the person's centre of gravity.

Question 60

What is the line of gravity? How can an object be balanced?

Answer 60

Represents the direction gravity acts perpendicular to the earth's surface through the body at the centre of gravity. For an object to be balanced, the line of gravity must pass within the base of support. For example, a tennis player will keep their line of gravity centred, so that the centre of gravity can be shifted quickly in any direction without loss of balance.

Question 61

How can base of support create greater stability.

Answer 61

Larger the base of support, greater stability - widening the base of support - lowering the centre of mass - increasing the mass of the body Greater friction between the surface and the body also create more stability. For example, softabll players wear cleats to provide stability for actions that require quick and forceful movements.

Question 62

What are the types of fluid mechanics?

Answer 62

Flotation, centre of buoyancy and fluid resistance.

Question 63

What is the FITT principle?

Answer 63

A guide to creating an aerobic training program Frequency: How often individuals train (3-5 days per week) Intensity: Amount of effort required (60-85% max heart rate) Time: How long training lasts (1 hour) Type: What kind of exercise (circuits)

Question 64

What are the immediate physiological responses to training?

Answer 64

-Heart rate -Ventilation rate -Stroke volume -Cardiac output -Lactate levels

Question 65

What is heart rate and how does it respond to training?

Answer 65

Number of times the heart beats per minute. Maximum: 220 - age -Increases during training

Question 66

What is flotation and what can it impact on? What are the impacts of the forces that act on a floating body or object? What impacts an objects ability to float? What device can increase buoyancy?

Answer 66

Flotation is to maintain a stationary postion on the surface of the water. Our body floats readily on water when the forces created by its weight are matched equally or better by the buoyant force of the water. Body density impacts on the ability to float. If weight density is high, that is fat free, the body sinks in water. If higher proportions of fat, tend to float. As well as, density of surrounding water. Personal flotation device (PFD)

Question 67

What is the centre of buoyancy? What is horizontal flotation?

Answer 67

Centre of gravity of the fluid displaced by a floating object. Around this point, all the buoyancy forces are balanced. The huamn body's centre of buoyancy is not vertically aligned to its centre of gravity.

Question 68

What is ventilation rate and how does it respond to training?

Answer 68

Number of breaths taken per minute -Increases during training

Question 69

What is stroke volume and how does it respond to training?

Answer 69

Volume of blood pumped out by the heart -Increases during training

Question 70

What is cardiac output and how does it respond to training?

Answer 70

Volume of blood pumped out by the heart per minute -Increases during training

Question 71

What is fluid resistance? What are the primary forces?

Answer 71

Force applied by a gas or liquid resisting the motion of a body through it. Drag - force that opposes the forward motion of a body or object, reducing its speed and velocity. Resisiting force because it acts in opposition to whatever is moving through it. Two types of drag; pressure and skin friction drag. e.g. swimmer push of the pool wall following a turn, as forwardm motion gradually decreases due to forced applied by water, Lift - important in keeping the implement airborne, sometimes negative lift is an advantage.

Question 72

How does the body apply force? What are the types of forces.

Answer 72

Body produced force primarily through the muscular system promoting movement of the skeletal system. Body is then faced with opposing forces such as gravity, air resistance, water resistance and friction which cause the body to apply force. Internal force: one that develops within the body (e.g. contraction of quadricpes when kicking) External force: comes from outside the body (e.g. gravity) Applied force: generated by muscle working on joints Reaction foce: equal and opposite forces exerted in response to applied forces

Question 73

What are lactate levels and how do they respond to training?

Answer 73

Amount of lactic acid produced via anaerobic training found in the blood. -Increases during anaerobic training

Question 74

How does the body absorbs force?

Answer 74

Absorbed through the joints, which bend or flex in response to the impact. When body lands on a floor or similar surface, it exerts force on the srface. In response, the surface exerts a force on the body. If we did not bend the knees and allow a slow, controlled dissipation of the force by the muscles, the risk of injury to the joint will be increased. e.g. dismount off beam, landing in high jump.

Question 75

What are the considerations when apply force to objects?

Answer 75

First, quantity of force applied to the object. Greater the force, the greater the acceleration of the object. Smaller soccer play, only small effort production providing little force to ball. Second, if the mass of an object is increased, mroe force is needed to move the object the same distance. For example, if a football becomes heavier as a result of wet conditions, more force is required to pass or kick it. Third, objects of greater mass require more force to move them than objects of smaller mass. E.g. the size of discus, javelin, shot-put used in athletics competitions is smaller for younger students than older students.