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Biochemistry > M2P Clinical Correlates > Flashcards

M2P Clinical Correlates Flashcards

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1
Q

What does alpha-amanitin do?

A

Inhibits RNA polymerase II in eukaryotic cells. Found in poisonous mushrooms

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2
Q

when was the Influenza crisis? what happened?

A

1918, it showed that the DOs lost less patients than the the MD counterparts

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3
Q

What is the function of Chloramphenicol

A

Inhibits prokaryotic peptidyltransferase

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4
Q

RO3306 performs what action?

A

Inhibits M-cyclin

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5
Q

when was the California merger?

A

1962

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6
Q

What is the action of Osetamivir?

A

Selective transition-state inhibitor of the influenze A & B neuraminidase

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7
Q

Cause of Xeroderma Pigmentsum

A

caused by inability to perform nucleotide excise repair to Thymin dimers due to UV radiation

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8
Q

What causes hereditary spherocytosis?

A

Defects in spectrin

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9
Q

What is MELAS?

A

Mitochondrial Myopathy; mutations in mitochondria tRNA genes leads to issues in ETC. Characterized by seizures/dementia

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10
Q

What is a potential side effect of giving succinyl choline?

A

Respiratory failure for homozygous recessive individuals; succinyl choline causes muscle relaxation (opposite to Ach)

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11
Q

What is the action of Hydrogen sulfide (sewage gas)

A

Inhibit complex IV

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12
Q

What is the action of beta-lactamase?

A

Inactivate Beta-lactams (penicillin)

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13
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

A

Deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1. This enzyme is responsible for recycling purines

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14
Q

Tamiflu is the generic term for this drug

A

Oseltamivir

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15
Q

When was the first DO school founded?

A

1874

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16
Q

What is the genetic cause of Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Deletion 3 base paid results in loss of Phe at 508

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17
Q

What does Doxorubicin do?

A

Inhibit topoisomerase II

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18
Q

Accumulation of Sphingomyelin

A

defect in enzyme Sphingomyelinase; Neimann-Pick disease

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19
Q

What causes Progeria?

A

disruption in the intermediate filaments located in the nuclear lamina

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20
Q

Which disease state is caused by deficiency in vitamin B2 (riboflavin)?

A

Cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scaling at the corners of the mouth)

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21
Q

What type of infection is typically treated by Rifampin?

A

Tuberculosis (caused by …?)

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22
Q

what is the definition of palpation?

A

Application of cariable manual pressure to the surface pf the body for the ourpose of determining shape size consitency position injerent motility ans health of the tissues beneath

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23
Q

Acetazolamide

A

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

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24
Q

Tay-Sachs presentation

A

Neurological symptoms due to accumulation of GM2 gangliosides; cherry eye, no hepatomegaly

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25
Where is spectrin found?
within the RBC, binding actin oligomers and held to the cell membrane through many membrane proteins
26
What is normal saline concentration?
9% NaCl (higher will cause cell shrinksge due to higher osmolarity in the extracellular space) (lower will cause cell swelling due to lower osmolarity in the extracellular space) OJO: Watch out for the dissociation of ions in solution (solubility rules)
27
What is the normal osmolarity of cellular or body fluids?
300 mOsm
28
What is Leigh syndrome?
Mutations in complexes I, II, III, IV, and V and components of PDH. Severe neurological disorder
29
What occurs clinically if there is an inherited deficinency of: Pyruvate Kinase, Phosphoglucos isomerase, or Phsophofuctokinase?
Hemolytic Anemia (inability to maintain cellular ATP in RBCs)
30
What does RO-3306 target?
M-cyclin; this will stop the cycle at G2, and is a cancer treatment
31
Neimann-Pick disease presentation
mental retardation, seizures, ataxia, cherry red spot
32
What is Alpers disease?
Issues with eletron transport chain from an issue with mitochondrial DNA pol g, leading to liver failure
33
What is the symptom of beta thalassemia
Damage cell membranes leading to destruction of erythrocytes
34
What is the function of tetracylines?
Blocks A-site on the ribosome inhibiting prokaryotic AA-tRNA from binding ribosome
35
What are the examples of product inhibitors?
Glucose-6-phosphate (Glucokinase); Citrate (Citrate Synthase); Succinyl Co-A (succinyl co-A synthase)
36
What is the 60%/40%/20% rule?
60% of TBW is water; 40% is intracellular H20, 20% is extracellular (more in the extracellular space 80/20 than in plasma)
37
How does Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome present? What causes it?
Wernicke-Korsakoff - Axatia, confusion, opthalmoplegia. Caused by malabsorption of B1 (thiamine)
38
What is the action of Quinolone antibiotics?
Inhibits topoisomerases (gyrase)
39
Which by-product accumulates when pyruvate kinase is dysfunctional?
2,3-BPG (2,3 bi-phospho-glutarate) - this occurs in smokers and will bind up heme groups displacing O2
40
What are causes of Lactic acidosis?
Lack of Oxygen to the tissues (leading to lactic acidosis); Genetic defect in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
41
When did the California Supreme court rule in favor of DO licensure?
1974
42
Why is arsenic poisoning so destructive?
Arsenate is structurally similar to P; its incorporated into Glyceraldehyde-3-p (no production of ATP) Arsenate also affects PDH/Alpha-KGD
43
What protein/drug disrupts microtubules?
Kinesin 13 protein; Nocodazole drug; used for cancer treatment (signal apoptosis)
44
What characterizes a Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency?
Accumulation of lactic acid in the blood -\> seizures, muscle weakness & ataxia
45
What does Thalidomide cause?
Congenital limb deformity due to absence of long bones
46
What are the four Tenets of OM?
Body is a unit (body, mind and spirit) Body is capable of Self-regulation, healing, and maintenance Structure & function are reciprocally interrelated Rational treatment is based on the above
47
What is scury & what causes it?
Vitamin C deficiency resulting in loss of hydroxylation of proline & lysine. Decreased tensile strength of collagen
48
What is the purpose of the Creatine Kinase test?
Test for Mycocardial infarction
49
What happens when you overdose on Aspirin?
It depletes the electrochemical gradient across the Mitochondrial membrane and cause inhibition of ATP synthase
50
What accumulates in Alzheimer's Disease?
B-amyloid accumulation
51
What happens when you are exposed to 2,4-DNP?
It depletes the electrochemical gradient across the Mitochondrial membrane and cause inhibition of ATP synthase (similar to 2,4-DNP)
52
What is the action of Carbon Monoxide
Binds complex IV & hemoglobin
53
What is Bloom's Syndrome?
Issues in repair of Double Strand breaks
54
What is the action of Azide?
Inhibit complex IV (Cytochrome C oxidase)
55
Defect Collagen type I & III
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome; hyperextensible skin and hypermobile joints
56
Ganglioside accumulation
Tay-Sachs disease, caused by Hexosidamase A
57
What is the cause of sickle cell?
single missense mutstion causes sickle celled erythrocytes
58
What causes Sickle Cell Anemia?
Change in the AAs of Beta-globin
59
What does Rifampicin do?
Antibiotic against bacteria through inhibition of RNA polymerase (preventing elongation)
60
What is the action of Rotenone (insecticide)?
Inhibit complex 1 in ETC
61
What is the presentation of epidermolysis bullosa?
Skin blisters with gentle pressure rupturing basal cells
62
What does cisplatin bind?
two guanine molecules
63
What characterizes Lipoic acid deficiency?
Neonatal-onset epilepsy & muscular hypotonia
64
What is the action of Antimycin?
Inhibits Complex III (cytochrome C Reductase)
65
What causes Ataxia Telangiectasia?
defects in DNA damage response
66
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Inability to break down phenylalanine: this leads to accumulation of Nitrous...
67
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex causes a change in?
Keratin Filaments
68
What is the symptom of alpha-thalassemia?
Reduced O2 binding due to beta globin chains
69
spur cell anemia
aka acanthocytes, caused by increased cholesterol in the plasma membranes
70
What happened with regards to the combined accredidation?
the GME will be overseen by both DO and MD committees
71
What is Fanconi Anemia?
Issues in repair of double strand breaks
72
What disease is characterized by Diarrhea, Dermatitis, and Dementia?
Pellagra, caused by deficiency in vitamin B3 (niacin)
73
What protein/drug stabilizes Microtubules?
XMAP215 protein, Taxol drug; used for cancer (signals apoptosis)
74
What is the function of Cycloheximide?
Blocks peptidyl transfer
75
What is the function of Streptomycin?
Cause code misreading, inhibiting initiation at high concentrations
76
What causes cystic fibrosis?
Mutation in CFTR. cAMP regulated Cl- channels. relates to salt imbalance NaCl
77
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Inherited genetic defect resulting in misfolding of prions & their accumulation
78
What is the action of Carbon Monoxide
Binds complex IV & hemoglobin
79
What is the action of Cyanide? What is the antidote?
Binds complex IV (cytochrome C Oxidase); inhibits transfer to O2 and ATP Synthesis Antidote: Nitrates
80
What is BAT?
Brown Adipose Tissue, rich in uncoupling protein 1, UCP1; thermogenin
81
Where is vitamin B5 used (panthothienic acid)?
Co-enzyme A; PDH/ alpha-KDH
82
Alteration in collagen type I
Osteogenesis imperfecta; loss of tensile strength of the bones, due to genetic defect in the alpha chain; brittle bones, loose joints, and blue sclera
83
What is the target of Puromycin?
Binds A-site of ribosomes, resulting in premature termination It is similar in structure to 3' end of AA-tRNA Adenisine is a PURine
84
What is the function of Statins?
Competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, which catalyzes the rate-limiting enzyme in Cholesterol Biosynthesis
85
What was the California crisis?
In California, DOs could trade in their lisence for a MD liscence. This led to a split thought and the orevailing DOs won.
86
What is the purpose of Lipoic acid in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex?
To carry the Acyl group in the active site

Biochemistry (2 decks)

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