M2S4 Access To Safe Drinking Water Flashcards
Causes of unsafe water
-pollution, contamination, and toxic exposure
-inadequate sanitation and waste disposal
-poor hygiene practices that do not stop the spread of infectious disease
Consequences of unsafe water
-diarrheal illnesses such as gastroenteritis (as intestinal infection) and cholera
-vector-bone diseases such as malaria, dengue ( a viral disease), and schistosomiasis ( a disease caused by parasitic worms)
How many people don’t have access to safe water globally and how many people in each place
-about 1.1 billion people globally don’t have access to clean drinking way6er
-means 1/6th world’s population is without access to clean and safe drinking water
East Asia and the pacific - 406 million
Sub-Saharan Africa - 314 million
South Asia - 229 million
Latin America and the Caribbean - 49 million
Middle East - 38 million
Globally over half a million individuals live on less than $2 USD/ day and do not have access to a clean water source
Over 300 million of these people live on less than $1 USD/ day and live in absolute poverty
How are water-related infections acquired?
Water-borne
-transmitted through ingestion of water
Ex. Cholera
Water-washed
-result from poor personal hygiene due to an inadequate supply of clean water
Ex. Hepatitis A
Water-based
-transmitted through an aquatic intermediate host
Ex. Schistosomiasis or Guinea worm
Water-related insect vector
-transmitted by insects that depend on water to reproduce
Ex. Mosquitos that transmit malaria and dengue
Water-related infection - Schistosomiasis
-aka snail fever
Don’t need to know specifics of the schistosomiasis life cycle, rather, appreciate the complexity of a water-related infection and how it can impact human health
Circle
Maturation
-mature flukes (a species of blood trematodes within the genus schistosoma) reside within the blood vessels of the intestines in a human host
Reproduction and excretion
-mature flukes sexually reproduce in the human host
-fertilized eggs are excreted from the host into a water source via feces
Egg development
-fertilized eggs develop into ciliated larvae (mirachidum) within the water source
-this larvae infects snail hosts
Asexual reproduction
-the murachidium asexually reproduces within the snail, developing into a type of motile larvae (circarium)
Infection of human host
-the larvae (circarium) penetrate the skin and blood vessels of the human in direct contact with a water source
-the schistoma eggs can cause allergic reactions in humans, resulting in ascites (condition that causes fluid to build up in the spaces within a person’s abdomen)
A plan of action for First Nations and safe water
-in Ottawa, Ontario on march 21, 2006 the honourable Jim Prentice, then minister of Indian affairs and northern development and federal interlocutor for Métis and non-status Indians, collaborated with Phil Fontaine, the national chief of assembly of First Nations (AFN) to launch a plan of action to address drinking water concerns in First Nations communities
“The government will ensure that First Nation leaders have access to the tools and resources they need to deliver clean water to their residents,” said minister prentice. “All parties with responsibilities in this area must take decisive action and achieve measurable results”
First Nations community, Kitigan Zibi Anishinabeg’s lack of adequate clean water access
-unsafe drinking problems which date back to 1999 cause of unacceptable levels of uranium in the groundwater
-situation about 130 kilometres north of Gatineau, Ottawa, adjacent to the town of maniwaki with a registered population of 2,671, 1489 on reserve
-municipal system draws water from the surface water, and has issues with treating water to acceptable drinking water standards
-remaining residents are on individual wells
How many First Nation communities across Canada with drinking water advisories in September 2021?
32
