M3 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Physical Examination of urine include the determination of: (3)
A
Urine color, Clarity, & Specific Gravity
Odor is not commonly used to examine urine.
2
Q
Observation of these characteristics provide preliminary information concerning disorders such as: (4)
A
- Glomerular Bleeding
- Liver Disease
- Inborn Errors in Metabolism
- Urinary Tract Infection
3
Q
Measurement of specific gravity aids in the evaluation of _____ ______ ________
A
Renal Tubular Function
4
Q
The result of the physical portion of the urinalysis also can be used to confirm or to explain findings in the ______ & _______ areas of urinalysis
A
Chemical and microscopic
5
Q
Normal Colors of Urine
A
- Pale Yellow
- Yellow
- Dark Yellow
6
Q
Color differences in urine is due to? (4)
A
- Normal Metabolic Functions
- Physical Activity
- Ingested Material
- Pathologic Conditions
7
Q
Three common pigments in Urine:
A
- Urochrome
- Uroerythrin
- Urobilin
8
Q
Is responsible for the yellow pigment of the urine
A
Urochrome
9
Q
Pink pigment in Urine
A
Uroerythrin
10
Q
Orange-Brown Pigment in Urine
A
Urobilin
11
Q
Abnormal Urine Colors
A
- Dark Yellow/Amber/Orange
- Black/Brown
- Red/Pink/Brown
- Blue/Green
12
Q
Many not always signify a normal concentration of urine
Can be caused by bilirubin
A
Dark Yellow / Amber / Orange
13
Q
Yellow foam appears when specimen is shaken
May also contain hepatitis virus
A
Bilirubin
14
Q
Color of urine when the medication of phenazopytidine is taken
A
Dark Yellow / Amber / Orange
15
Q
(-) Blood
May contain homog
A
Brown / Black
16
Q
Color of urine when these medications are used: levodopa, methyldopa, phenol derivatives, and metronidazole (flaggl)
A
Brown / Black
17
Q
Color of Urine with presence of blood, hemoglobin, myoglobin, or menstrual contamination
A
Red / Pink / Brown
18
Q
Color of urine when these medications are used: rifampin, phenophthalein, phenindione, and phenothiazine
A
Red / Pink / Brown
19
Q
_____ causes Blue / Green Urine
A
UTI
20
Q
UTI is caused by what bacteria?
A
Pseudomonas spp.
21
Q
Ingestion of breath deoderizers (clorets)
= (Color?)
A
Green Urine
22
Q
These medications cause urine to turn Blue
A
Robaxin, Methylene Blue, and amitriptyline (elavil)
23
Q
Bacterial growth infection caused by klebsiella or providencia spp.
= (color?)
A
Purple Urine
24
Q
It refers to the transparency or turbidity
A
Clarity
25
Different types of clarity: (4)
- Clear
- Slightly Cloudy
- Cloudy
- Turbid
26
Non-pathologic causes of turbidity: (8)
- Squamous Epithelial Cells
- Mucus
- Amorphous phosphates, carbonates, urates
- Semen, speematozoa
- Fecal Contamination
- Radiographic Contrast Media
- Talcum Powder
- Vaginal Cream
27
Pathogenic cause of Turbidity: (8)
- RBCs
- WBCs
- Yeast
- Non squamous epithelial cells
- Abnormal Crystals
- Lymph Fluid
- Lipids
28
Specific gravity of Isosthenuric
1.010
29
Specific Gravity of Hyposthenuric
Below 1.010
30
Specific Gravity of Hypersthenuric
Above 1.010
31
SG is 1.010
Isosthenuric
32
SG is below 1.010
Hyposthenuric
33
SG is above 1.010
Hypersthenuric
34
Patients with less than 1.003
Diabetes insipidus
35
SG of patients with diabetes insipidus
Below 1.003
36
SG of most random specimens
1.015 - 1.030
37
Method: Refractometry
Principle: ?
Refractive index
38
Method: Osmolaity
Principle: ?
Changes in colligative properties by particle number
39
Method: Reagent Strip
Principle: ?
pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present
40
Method: ?
Principle: Refractive index
Refractometry
41
Method: ?
Principle: Changes in colligative properties by particle number
Osmolality
42
Method: ?
Principle: pKa changes of a polyelectrolyte by ions present
Reagent Strip
43
Instrument used in Urinometry
Urinometer / Hydrometer
44
weighted float that is designed to sink to a level of 1.000 in distilled water; calibrated to 20°C
Urinometer / Hydrometer
45
Refractometer measures refractive index; compensated between __°C and __°C
15°C and 38°C
46
Refractometry corrections:
______ and ______ only;
Temperature correction is not done
Protein and glucose
47
Urinometry correction temperature-
For every __°C that urine is above or below the calibration temperature
3°C
48
urinometry correction:
_______ is respectively added to or subtracted from the reading
0.001
49
urinometry correction:
_______ - subtracted 0.003 for every g/dL
Protein
50
Other name of refractometer
TS meter
51
Used by yellow IRIS automated workstations to measure specific gravity
Mass Gravity Meter
52
Principle: Sound waves of specific frequency are generated at one end of the tube and as the sound waves oscillate through urine
Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry
53
Harmonic Oscillation Densitometry
Principle: Sound waves of specific frequency are generated at one end of the tube and as the sound waves oscillate through urine, their frequency is altered by the ________ of the specimen
Density
54
Freshly voided urine has a _____ ________ odor
Faint Aromatic
55
As the specimen stands, the odor of _____ becomes more prominent
Ammonia
56
The breakdown of _____ is responsible for the characteristic ammonia odor
Urea
57
Odor: Aromatic
Cause: ?
Normal
58
Odor: Foul, ammonia-like
Cause: ?
Bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection
59
Odor: fruity, sweet
Cause: ?
Ketones (diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting)
60
Odor: maple syrup
Cause: ?
Maple syrup urine disease
61
Odor: Mousy
Cause: ?
Phenylketonuria
62
Odor: Rancid
Cause: ?
Tyrosinemia
63
Odor: Sweaty Feet
Cause: ?
Isovaleric Acidemia
64
Odor: Cabbage
Cause: ?
Methionine malabsorption
65
Odor: Bleach
Cause: ?
Contamination
66
Odor: ?
Cause: Normal
Aromatic
67
Odor: ?
Cause: Bacterial decomposition, UTI
Foul, ammonia-like
68
Odor: ?
Cause: Ketones (diabetic mellitus, starvation, vomiting)
Fruity, Sweet
69
Odor: ?
Cause: Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Maple Syrup
70
Odor: ?
Cause: Phenylketonuria
Mousy
71
Odor: ?
Cause: Tyrosinemia
Rancid
72
Odor: ?
Cause: Isovaleric acidemia
Sweaty Feet
73
Odor: ?
Cause: Mathionine malabsorption
Cabbage
74
Odor: ?
Cause: Contamination
Bleach
75
_______
Normal: <10 mg/dl or 100 mg/24 hrs
Protein
76
Major serum protein found in urine
Albumin
77
Proteins found in urine: (5)
- albumin
- serum
- tubular microglobulins
- Tamm-Horsfall Protein
- Protein from prostatic seminal & vaginal secretion
78
Protein
Principle: ?
Protein error of indication
79
Protein
Reagent: ?
Multisix: Tetrabromphenol blue
80
Protein
Chemstrip: ?
3’3”5’5” tetrachlorophenol
3,4,5,6 - tetra bromosulfophthalein
81
Protein
Sensitivity: ?
Multistix: 15-30mg/dl albumin
82
Sources of error: False Positive (6)
- high buffered alkaline urine
- pigmented specimens, phenazopyridine
- quartenary ammonium compounds
- antiseptic, chlorhexidine
- high specific gravity
- loss of buffer from prolonged exposure of the reagent strip to the specimen
83
Source of error: false negative (2)
- protein other than albumin
- microalbuminuria
84
Caused by increased levels of low molecular weight plasma proteins such as hemoglobin, myoglobin, and the acute phase reactants
Pre-Renal Proteinuria
85
Abnormal protein; monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain
Bence-Jones Protein
86
Bence-Jones Protein
Precipitates at __-__°C and disappears at __-__°C and precipitates again upon cooling.
40-60°C
90-100°C
87
Proliferative disorder of the immunoglobulin - producing plasma cells producing high levels of BJP in serum
Multiple Myeloma
88
Proteinuria associated with trie renal disease may be the result of either glomerular or tubular damage
Renal Proteinuria
89
Increased pressure from the blood entering the glomerulus may override the selective filtration, of the glomerulus, causing increased albumin to enter the filtrate
Glomerular Proteinuria
90
Increased albumin is also present in disorders affecting tubular reabsorption because the normally filtered albumin can no longer be reabsorbed
Tubular proteinuria
91
A persistent benign proteinuria occurs frequently in young adults; occurs following periods spent in a vertical posture and disappears when a horizontal position is assumed
Orthostatic (postural) Proteinuria
92
Associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
Microalbuminuria
93
Protein dan be added to a urine sample as it passes through the structure of the lower urinary tract
Postrenal Proteinuria
94
3 major categories of proteinuria
Pre-Renal Proteinuria
Renal Proteinuria
Post-Renal Proteinuria
95
Intravascular hemolysis, Muscle Injury, Scute Phase Reactants, Multiple myeloma
PreRenal
96
Glomerular disorder, Immune complex disorders, amyloidosis, toxic agents, diabetic nephropathy, strenuous exercise, dehydration, hypertension, pre-eclampsia, orthostatic or postural proteinuria
Renal
97
Fanconi syndrome, toxic agent/heavy metals, severe viral infections
Tubular Disorders
98
Lower UTI/inflammation, injury/trauma, menstrual contamination, prostatic fluid/spermatozoa, vaginal secretions
Postrenal
99
Testing for Microalbuminuria: (2)
1. Micral Test
2. Immunodip Reagent Strip
100
Contain a gold label anti human albumin antibody-enzyme conjugate
Micral Test
101
Uses immunochromatographic technique
Immunodip Reagent Strip
102
Most proteins are precipitated by dilute SSA
Sulfosalacylic Acid Precipitate Test
103
Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity
Grade: ?
Turbidity: No increase in turbidity
Protein Range: ?
Grade: Negative
Protein Range: <6 mg/dl
104
Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity
Grade: ?
Turbidity: Noticeable Turbidity
Protein Range: ?
Grade: Trace
Protein Range: 6-30 mg/dl
105
Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity
Grade: ?
Turbidity: Distinct turbidity with no granulation
Protein Range: ?
Grade: 1+
Protein Range: 30-100 mg/dl
106
Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity
Grade: ?
Turbidity: Turbidity with granulation with no flocculation
Protein Range: ?
Grade: 2+
Protein Range: 100-200 mg/dl
107
Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity
Grade: ?
Turbidity: Turbidity with granulation and flocculation
Protein Range: ?
Grade: 3+
Protein Range: 200-400 mg/dl
108
Reporting Sulfosalicylic Acid Turbidity
Grade: ?
Turbidity: Clumps of protein
Protein Range: ?
Grade: 4+
Protein Range: > 400 mg/dl
109
Renal threshold: ___ -___ mg/dl
160-180 mg/dl
110
Other sugars in urine: (4)
-fructose
-galactose
-lactose
-pentose
111
Glucose
Principle: ?
Double sequential enzyme reaction
112
Glucose
Reagent: ?
Multistix: Glucose oxidase, peroxide, potassium iodided
113
Glucose
Chemstrip: ?
Glucose oxide, peroxide, tetramethylbenzidine
114
Glucose:
Sensitivity: ?
