M3 Flashcards by Aeeedd y

This is the larges source of energy all over the world

Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Synthetic gas

Coal

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Coal can serve a potential source of?

synthetic fuel
coke production
Fine chemicals (now derived from petroleum and natural gas)

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Other feedstocks produced from coal are?

gasification
to synthesis gas
to oil (Fischer-tropsch)
to methanol
to plastic

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It is a carbonaceous solid black or brownish black sedimentary rock matter.

Natural gas
Petroleum
Coal
Synthetic gas

Coal

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Coal is mainly composed of what element?

Hydrogen
Natural Gas
Coke
Carbon

Carbon

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What are the other elements in coal?

(H) Hydrogen
(O) Oxygen
(N) Nitrogen
(S) Sulphur
Moisture and non-combustible inorganic matter:
(Si) Silica
(Fe) Iron
(Ca) Calcium
(Mg) Magnesium
(Hg) Mercury

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How is coal made?

from accumulation of partially decomposed vegetation

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What are the factors that affect the deposits of coal?

Biological changes
Temperature
Pressure

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The first published record of coal used in Greece is used for?

Cooking
Burning
Heating
Energy source

Heating

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Coal is adopted in China as a?

Energy source
Heat source
Transportation
Cooking

Heat source

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Why did the Great Britain switches to coal at the start of industrial revolution?

They ran out of wood

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Coal provides ________ of world energy source as dependence on petroleum grows.

20%
30%
40%
50%

30%

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Empirical formula for Bituminous coal.

C240H90O4NS
C137H97O9NS

C137H97O9NS

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Empirical Formula for a High grade anthracite

C240H90O4NS
C137H97O9NS

C240H90O4NS

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Coal is a 3D cross-linked ___________ and_____ with a small amount of _______

Polymer (Aromatic rings)
Alkane Linkers
Inorganic contanimants

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Coal is divided into 4 ranks:

Anthracite
Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Lignite

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The inorganic constituents in coal are from?

Original plant materials
Minerals leached from surrounding sediments

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What are the Inorganic constituents in coal?

Na, Ca, Mg, K salts
Al, Si, Fe, S oxides

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Coal also contains small amounts of ___ and ____ which are important for modern electronics industry

Ni, Ne
Ga, Ge
Fe, K
Au, Ag

Ga, Ge

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Unlike petroleum, coal can’t be separated into individual products. It must be:

reformed into smaller FW materials (Synthetic fuels)
Combusted (for heat)

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Great pressure from the environment creates what type of coal?

Anthracite
Bituminous
Sub-bituminous
Lignite

Bituminous coal

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Bituminous coal are also called

Soft Coal
Hard Coal
Brown Coal

Soft coal

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The heating value of this coal is higher than Lignite and sub-bituminous, but less than anthracite

Sub-bituminous
Lignite
Bituminous

Bituminous coal

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Bituminous coal is commonly used for?

Heating
Cooking
Energy Power Generation
Electric Power generation

Electric power generation

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Where is Bituminous coal usually mine?

Midwest and Appalachia

This type of coal is often called Hard coal. Bituminous Sub-bituminous Anthracite Lignite

Anthracite

How is Anthracite formed?

from Bituminous coal when great pressure developed in limited geographic areas

Where do Anthracite usually forms?

Appalachian region of Pennsylvania

This type of coal has the highest energy content of all coals. Bituminous Sub-bituminous Anthracite Lignite

Anthracite

Due to it having the highest energy content, this type of coal is used for making coke which is used as a fuel for?

Steel foundry ovens

This type of coal is a dense, hard rock with jet-black color and metallic luster. Bituminous Sub-bituminous Anthracite Lignite

Anthracite

This type of coal contains between 86% and 98% carbon by weight. Bituminous Anthracite Sub-bituminous Lignite

Anthracite

This type of coal burns slowly, with a pale blue flame and very little smoke Bituminous Sub-bituminous Anthracite Lignite

Anthracite

This type of coal contains between 69% and 86% carbon by weight Bituminous Sub-bituminous Anthracite Lignite

Bituminous coal

This type of coal contains less carbon, more water and is less efficient source of heat Bituminous Sub-bituminous Anthracite Lignite

Sub-bituminous

This type of coal is also called brown coal. Bituminous Sub-bituminous Anthracite Lignite

Lignite

This type of coal is a very soft coal that contains up to 70% water by weight. Emits more pollution then other coals Bituminous Sub-bituminous Anthracite Lignite

Lignite

This coal component consists of aliphatic carbon atoms or aromatic hydrocarbons and mineral matter Ash Volatile Matter Moisture Carbon Content

Volatile matter

This coal component consists of inorganic matter from the earth's crust: limestone, iron, aluminum, clay, silica, and trace elements Ash Volatile Matter Moisture Carbon Content

Ash

Each type of coal have a set of parameters which are mostly controlled by:

Moisture Volatile content Carbon content

Designating a group of organic chemical compounds (carbon compounds) where carbon atoms are linked in open chains Aromatic Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

Aliphatic

Containing one or more six-carbon rings characteristic of benzene series Aromatic Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

Aromatic

Numerous organic compounds, like benzene and methane, that only have carbon and hydrogen Aromatic Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon

Carbon forms more than _______ by weight, and more than ______ by volume of coal 40%, 80% 80%, 60% 50%, 70% 55%, 65%

50% 70%

The higher the rank of the coal the _____ the hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen until 95% purity of carbon is achieved

Less

Formed from coal. This is the end product of the thermal and diagenetic conversion of plant matter into pure carbon Ash Volatile Matter Moisture Graphite

Graphite

It is a process of chemical & physical change in deposited sediment during its conversion to rock Diagenetic Conversion Volatile Matter Moisture Carbon Content

Diagenetic conversion

It is a material that's driven off when coal is heated to 950degC in the absence of air under specified conditions Diagenetic Conversion Volatile Matter Moisture Carbon Content

Volatile matter

This consist of a mixture of gases, low-boiling point organic compounds that condense into oils upon cooling, and tars Diagenetic Conversion Volatile Matter Moisture Carbon Content

Volatile matter

As the rank of the coal increases, volatile matter ___

decreases

Range of class of volatile matter 102-900 101-902 103-905 100-900

101-902

The class of volatile matter of Anthracites is? 101 301 902 601

101

The class of volatile matter of prime cooking coals is? 101 301 902 601

301

The class of volatile matter of non-coking coals is? 101 301 902 601

902

What are the two forms of sulfur in coal?

Pyritic Sulfur (sulfur is linked with iron) Organic sulfur ( Chemically bound to carbon atoms)

Coal types can also be classified according to its organic debris called? Ash Macerals Graphite

Macerals

What are macerals?

a microscopic organic constituents found in coal

How are macerals identified?

Microscopically by reflected light

What is the purpose of classifying coal according to the macerals?

To determine its best uses.

The degree of _________ or _______ undergone by a coal has an important bearing on its physical and chemical properties and is referred to as the rank of the coal.

Metamorphism Coalification

high moisture content, volatile matter, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen is the criteria of __________ coal

Low rank

The _______ is measured by determining the loss of weight of the heated coal Diagenetic Conversion Volatile Matter Moisture Carbon Content

Volatile matter

Moisture content ( ranges from 1-40%) increases as the rank of coal ______

decreases

This is the carbon found in the material after the volatile materials are driven off Diagenetic Conversion Volatile Matter Moisture Fixed Carbon

Fixed carbon

This value measured in Btu is the amount of chemical energy stored in a coal that's release as thermal energy in combustion. Diagenetic Conversion Volatile Matter Calorific Value Fixed Carbon

Calorific value

As the rank of coal increases, the calorific value _______

Increases

This is a type of maceral. Vitrinite Volatile Matter Moisture Fixed Carbon

Vitrinite

This can be used as an indicator of maturity in hydrocarbon source rocks for coal production Diagenetic Conversion Volatile Matter Moisture Vitrinite reflectance

Vitrinite reflectance

As the rank of coal increases, the Vitrinite reflectance ___________

increases

This type of coal is greater than 25 mm or approximately equal to 1 inch Small coal Coarse coal Fine coal Ultra fine coal

Coarse coal

The size of this type of coal is 25-3 mm Small coal Coarse coal Fine coal Ultra fine coal

Small coal

This type of coal is less than 3 mm or .12 inch Small coal Coarse coal Fine coal Ultra fine coal

Fine coal

This type of coal is less than .15 mm or .006 inch Small coal Coarse coal Fine coal Ultra fine coal

ultra fine coal

A process where the coal is heated at moderate temperature wherein the thermal decomposition of the organic material releases small amounts of flammable gas Diagenetic Conversion Volatile Matter Coal Carbonization Vitrinite reflectance

Coal carbonization

Carbonization is carried out at

~ 400degC

The products if carbonization are O2, coke N2, H2 CO2, CH4 H2, CH4

H2 and CH4 (Methane)

What process is used as a large source of Methane (CH4) which was used for lighting in the early 20th century Diagenetic Conversion Volatile Matter Carbonization Vitrinite reflectance

Carbonization

In coal Coal gasification, the Conversion of coal into methane equation is: CO + 3H2 > CH4 + H2O + 206.3 kJ C + 2H2 > CH4 + 74.9 kJ

C + 2H2 > CH4 + 74.9 kJ

What is the reaction equation for the efficient route to methane: CO + 3H2 > CH4 + H2O + 206.3 kJ C + 2H2 > CH4 + 74.9 kJ

CO + 3H2 > CH4 + H2O + 206.3 kJ

Refers to a series of physical and chemical changes that occur when coal is heated under an isolated atmosphere or inert atmosphere. used to produce char, tar, and gas. Diagenetic Conversion Coal Pyrolysis Coal Carbonization Vitrinite reflectance

Coal Pyrolysis

Production of Methanol equation C + H2O > CO + H2 CO + 2H2 = CH3OH CO + H2O > CO2 + H2

CO + 2H2 = CH3OH

Feed stock of CO and H2. This equation is also labeled as Steam Reforming C + H2O > CO + H2 CO + 2H2 = CH3OH CO + H2O > CO2 + H2

C + H2O > CO + H2

Feed stock of CO and H2. This reaction is also labeled as Water gas shift reaction C + H2O > CO + H2 CO + 2H2 = CH3OH CO + H2O > CO2 + H2

CO + H2O > CO2 + H2

In theory, one can convert coal to methane with energy of only 74.9 15.1 206.3

15.1 kJ

This process is done by reacting products of coal gasification to form larger FW hydrocarbon Diagenetic Conversion Coal Pyrolysis Coal Carbonization Indirect liquefaction

Indirect liquefaction

This process can produce synthetic gasolines but is not yet economically viable Diagenetic Conversion Coal Pyrolysis Coal Carbonization Indirect liquefaction

Indirect liquidification

Products of gasification of coal Moisture, Volatile Gases Carbonized Coal, water Moisture, Carbonized coal Carbonized coal, Volatile Gases

Volatile gases Carbonized coal

Carbonized coal is also called Carbon dioxide Coke Ash Sludge

Coke

Coal carbonization carried out in low temperature (lower than 750 degC) is commonly used for:

Small-scale industries

Coal carbonization carried out in high temperature produces a major contributor to air pollution which is ________ Coke Ash Smoke Tar

Smoke

These ovens were built in a beehive like hemispherical shape and them covered with earth

Beehive oven

Typical cooking time for coke in oven is

17 Hrs

Coal carbonization also produces a small amount of sticky, black liquid called ____ Coke Ash Smoke Tar

Tar

Tar contain low FW aromatic compounds and is distilled to produce ___, _____, _____,and ___ which are important petrochemicals feedstocks

Benzene Toluene Xylene Corresponding alcohols

______ was, for an extended time, an unwanted by product of oil production Synthetic Gas Natural Gas Blue gas

Natural gas

Hydrocarbon natural gases other than Methane

Ethane Propane Butane Pentane

Non-hydrocarbon components natural gases

Water vapor Carbon dioxide Nitrogen Helium Hydrogen sulfide

These two Non-hydrocarbon components can corrode pipelines, and are highly toxic and are also significant sources of air pollution Ne, He CO2, H2O CO2, H2S Ne, H2S

CO2 H2S

Gases with high level of H2S and CO2 are also called ________ Sour Gas Conventional Gas Tight Gas Shale Gas

Sour gases

This refers to resources accumulated in a reservoir in which buoyant forces keep hydrocarbons in place below sealing cap rock Sour Gas Conventional Gas Tight Gas Shale Gas

Conventional gas

What are the two types of conventional gas reservoir

Isolated (non-associated) Associated with oil (Freed gas or solution gas)

It is a natural gas trapped in a relatively impermeable reservoir rock like sandstone or limestone formation Sour Gas Conventional Gas Tight Gas Shale Gas

Tight gas

It is a tight gas processing that involves creating cracks in the rock through which the gas can flow to the wells Diagenetic Conversion Hydraulic Fracturing Coal Carbonization Vitrinite reflectance

Hydraulic fracturing

It is a fine-grained, fissile, sedimentary rock formed by the consolidation of clay and slit-sized particles into think, relatively impermeable layers Sour Gas Conventional Gas Tight Gas Shale Gas

Shale gas

In this reservoir, the gas is generated in place, the shale acts as both the source rock and the reservoir

Gas shales

It is generated during the formation of coal and is contained to varying degrees within the coal microstructure. Monoethanolamine Coalbed Methane Liquid Propane Liquid Butane

Coalbed Methane (CBM)

_____ production is associated with extensive production of water. water must be removed to reduce pressure within the reservoir, making the process complex and costly. Monoethanolamine Coalbed Methane Liquid Propane Liquid Butane

CBM

What is the schematic of natural gas processing

1. Separate oil & condensate 2. remove water 3. Remove contaminants (CO2,H2S,etc.) 4. Extract natural gas liquids

What is the most widely used solvent for gas purification by aliphatic amine absorption process Monoethanolamine Coalbed Methane Liquid Propane Liquid Butane

Monoethanolamine

It is made by passing air and steam through a bed of hot coal or coke Producer gas Water gas Synthetic Gas Natural Gas

Producer gas

Producer gas was used primarily as an industrial fuel for:

Iron and steel manufacturing Mechanical power for gas engines

This is often called blue gas Producer gas Water gas Synthetic Gas Natural Gas

Water gas

This gas produces blue flame when burned Producer gas Water gas Synthetic Gas Natural Gas

Water gas

Due to its low heating value, this may be atomized into hot gases to produce _______ Carbureted water gas Water gas Synthetic Gas Natural Gas

Carbureted water gas

It is a carbon monoxide (CO)-Hydrogen (H2)- containing gas mixture. Producer gas Water gas Synthesis Gas Natural Gas

Synthesis gas (syngas)

Synthesis gas is produced by what process Gasification Process oil gasification Hydraulic Fracturing

Gasification process

Three types of gasifier used in producing syngas (L, H, E)

Lurgi dry ash gasifier High temperature Winkler gasifier Entrained gasifier

Among the three types of gasifier used in producing syngas which one has the highest capacity per unit volume Lurgi dry ash gasifier High temperature Winkler gasifier Entrained gasifier

Entrained gasifier

Gas produced formerly known as synthetic gas are now called ____ Producer gas Water gas Synthesis Gas Substitute Natural Gas

Substitute natural gas

This process used mix naphtha with steam in a 1;2 ratio to gasify the mixture Gasification Process oil gasification Hydraulic Fracturing

Oil gasification

It is a super-pressurized gas stored in a liquid form in tank, canister or bottle LPG CBM Liquid Propane Liquid Butane

LPG

These two are employed as standby and peak load supplement in systems using natural and manufactured gas Monoethanolamine Coalbed Methane Liquid Propane Liquid Butane

Liquid propane and butane

What sedimentary deposits is used for producing Potassium Limestone Evaporite Sylvinite

Sylvinite

The Chemical formula for Sylvite is: KCl NaCl KSO4 KO2

KCl

Sylvinite is a mixture of: Sylvite, Coal Sylvite, Halite Halite, Limestone Halite, Salt

Sylvite, Halite

Chemical Formula of Halite is: KCl NaCl KSO4 KO2

NaCl

Chemical Formula of Langbeinite (another source of potassium): K2SO4*2MgSO4 NaCO3 NaB4O7 KNO3

K2SO4*2MgSO4

Langbeinite (another source of Potassium) is processed to make: Potassium Sulfate Potassium Sulfide Potassium Chloride

Potassium Sulfate

Sylvinite is mined and processed to produce: Potassium Sulfate Potassium Sulfide Potassium Chloride

Potassium Chloride

Deposits of solid sodium salts permeated by a saturated complex brine is processed to create:

M3 Flashcards

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