M3-Lecture1

Question 1

Human pelvis is tight fit for labour and has evolved to accommodate both bipedal motion and large fetal head

Question 2

Newborn don’t have knee cap until age 3

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

Fetal brain changes shape in order to fit through the birth canal

Question 4

Diet and pro-biotics affect microbiome

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Brain development affects all area’s of child growth, state four areas of develoment:

Answer 5

Motor (physical)
Language and communication
Social and emotional
Cognitive

Question 6

Two components of brain development

Answer 6

Structural development
- manifest in bev. dev. issues

Behavioural development
- reflect issues with structural or emerging underlying circuitry

Question 7

Examples of factors that influence both brain and behav. development:

Answer 7

Hormones
Injury
Experience
Genes

Question 8

Twins aren’t always the same.

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

Thickened ectodermal region that gives rise to neural tube:

Answer 9

Neural plate

Question 10

Structure from which the brain and spinal cord develop:

Answer 10

Neural tube

Question 10

What is the name of the process that lead to form the 3 germ layers:

Ectoderm (outer layer - skin, nails, the NS, including brain & spinal cord)

Mesoderm (Middle layer that gives rise to muscles, bones, circulatory system, kidneys, and other internal)

Endoderm (innermost that forms epithelial layer of digestive tract, respiratory system, - organs like liver and pancreas)

Answer 10

Gastrulation

Question 11

What overlay the notochord that will generate the entire NS

Answer 11

Ectoderm

Question 12

Mention the steps in the deve. of NS:

Answer 12

Gastrulation (three germ layers)

Mesoderm - notochord - then mesoderm and notochord signal ectoderm to form neural plate (which develop into neural tube) - edges of neural plate fold inward & create neural tube - (CNS & spinal cord) - cells differentiate into many glial cells & neurons.

Question 13

What is an embryonic midline structure common to all members of the phylum Chordata, providing both mechanical and signaling cues to the developing embryo.

Answer 13

Notochord

Question 14

See major brain divisions:

Question 15

Myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS):

Answer 15

Oligodendrocytes

Whereas peripheral NS are Schwann cells

Question 16

What are the primary immune cells of the CNS:

Answer 16

Microglia

Question 17

Growth & deve. of neurons:

Answer 17

Birth
Migration
Differentiation
Maturation
Synaptogenesis
Synaptic pruning
Myelogenesis

Question 18

What two terms refer to birth of cells in the NS:

Answer 18

Neurogenesis

Gliogenesis

Question 19

Cell birth:

Beginning with neural stem cells, which are self-renewing and multipotential, giving rise to neural progenitor cells. These progenitor cells, derived from stem cells, migrate and differentiate into either neurons (neuroblasts) or glial cells (glioblasts).

Answer 19

Embryonic stem cell (Pluripotent - self-renewal) - (ex: blastocyte) - neural stem cell (self-renewing) (ex: Neural tube, multipotent) - Intermediate neural progenitor (Brain/SC) (limited self-renewal) - restricted neural progenitor (limited self-renewal), (neuroblasts - neuron, gluoblast - astrocyte, oligodendrocyre)

Question 20

What are a type of neural progenitor cell that provide structural support and guidance for migrating neurons during brain development:

Answer 20

Radial glial cells

Question 21

Migrating produces neuron or glial cells:

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Dorsal - back or up side of an organism.

Ventral - front or lower side.

Question 23

Cell migration takes place from the ventral to dorsal:

Answer 23

True

Question 24

Signaling molecules regulate spatial and temporal patterns of development, with most signals secreted by one embryonic tissue or layer acting on adjacent tissues, leading to cell differentiation that is generally completed by birth.

Question 25

Spatial refers to the arrangement or positioning of cells and tissues in a specific area, while temporal refers to the timing of developmental processes or events.

Question 26

Components of cell maturation:

Answer 26

Axon growth - regulated by adhesion&tropic molecules Dendrite growth

Question 27

Neuron maturation goes on for years, and in some parts of brain throughout adulthood.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What increases rapidly in the first 12 months of life:

Answer 28

Formation of synapses

Question 29

Cell death and synaptic pruning:

Answer 29

Decrease in # of cells & connections

Question 30

A theory suggesting that the brain develops through a process similar to natural selection. ex:

Answer 30

Natural Darwinism Neurons are selectively strengthened or weakened based on their activity and interaction. Survival of most useful connections.

Question 31

What is an important part of growth & development:

Answer 31

Synaptic pruning

Question 32

Genetic, experience, stress, hormones have similar effect to natural selection, where beneficial neural pathways are reinforced and less useful ones are pruned,

Answer 32

True

Question 33

What term refers to formation of myelin, that begins after birth and early adulthood.

Answer 33

Myelogenesis

Question 34

both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are types of glial cells (maintain health & functionality of neurons:

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Subtype of glial cells that make up majority of cells in the CNS:

Answer 35

Astrocyte

Question 36

The function and role of astrocyte:

Answer 36

Metabolic, structural, homeostatic, clearing excess NS, stabilizing & regulating the BBB, synapse formation.

Question 37

See the general points of critical windows of brain deve.:

Answer 37

During the window: appropriate influences or inappropriate stimuli can impact development. After the window: has much less impact on bev. deve.

Question 38

Envi. exposures such as nutritional, maternal (fetal) gut, Infection/inflammation, maternal metabolic state, birth trauma, post-natal envi. all affect epigenetics of the fetus, which then lead to structural changes, cellular aging, altered homeostatic setpoints:

Answer 38

True

Question 39

Prenatal inflammation lead to risk of neurodevelopmental disorders:

Answer 39

True

Question 40

What term refers to the connection btw. infection & inflammation in pregnancy * PTB, cervical disease, vascular disorders Also stress & breakdown of maternal-fetal tolerance can lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Answer 40

Casual links

Question 41

What is the leading cause of neonatal mortality + morbidity worldwide: Risk factor for neurodeve. disorders.

Answer 41

PTB

Question 42

Prenatal maternal infection: Severe or urinary tract } risk factor of autism spectrum disorders, depression.

Question 43

Induced by immature lung development, injures vulnerable neurons and glia

Answer 43

Perinatal hypoxia

Question 44

is a major risk factor for the development of cerebral palsy, lower educational attainment and deficits in cognitive functioning, and individuals born preterm have higher rates of schizophrenia, autistic spectrum disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Answer 44

PTB

Question 45

There are differences in outcome between males and females born preterm, with males having a higher incidence of most neurodevelopmental disorders following PTB

Question 46

an infection that occurs within the uterus, potentially affecting the fetus Common in most cases PTB <30 weeks Risk factor of early autistic features, cerebral palsy + chronic lung disease

Answer 46

Intra-uterine infection

Question 47

is an infection of the fetal membranes (chorion and amnion) surrounding the fetus, often resulting from bacteria ascending from the vagina into the uterus. It can lead to complications such as preterm labor, preterm birth, and increased risks for neonatal infections and respiratory problems.

Answer 47

Chorioamnionitis

Question 48

Exposure to low doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the uterus can significantly increase the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β, TNFα, and COX-2, indicating an inflammatory response.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Exposure to LPS on E15 or E18 can lead to decreased dendritic processes.

Answer 49

Yes

Question 50

Mother-to-child HIV transmission is declining

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Pregnant people with HIV on ART experience immune dysfunction, inflammation, metabolic abnormalities, intestinal dysbiosis

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Infants who are HIV-infected characteristics:

Answer 52

- Poor growth & cognitive deve. after birth - More & severe secondary infection - Greater risk for disease in later life

Question 53

Population of infants born HIV exposed but uninfected (HEU) is rising

Answer 53

Yes

Question 54

HIV exposed but uninfected have poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes cognitive expressive language.

Answer 54

True

Question 55

HEU influences infant head circumference at birth

Answer 55

True

Question 56

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and monocyte activation is increased in HEI infants

Answer 56

True

Question 57

See: Neurodevelopment in HEU InfantsNutritional Interventions

Question 58

Zika infection in pregnancy: mention two effects -

Answer 58

PTB FGR

Question 59

Is characterized by a spectrum of neurological abnormalities in childhood, including microcephaly and dyskinetic signs, resulting from Zika virus infection during pregnancy.

Answer 59

Congenital Zika virus

Question 60

Zika virus infects neural progenitor cells, leading to reduced proliferation and differentiation, which causes cell death and decreased thickness in the cortical plate and (sub)ventricular zones, ultimately - diminished postnatal neurogenesis in the SVZ and hippocampal dentate gyrus.

Question 61

Maternal immune activation can be influenced by maternal gut microbiome, and changes in gut microbiome can alter immune system and lead to inflammation, which can negatively affect how the fetal brain develops:

Answer 61

True

Question 62

is associated with immune dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis A role for maternal gut microbiome??

Answer 62

ASD

Question 63

Maternal depression in the third trimester associated with Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) measures of externalizing behaviour in males (such as aggression, hyperactivity)

Answer 63

True

Question 64

Mean diffusivity (MD) of the right amygdala - mediates relationship between third trimester depressive symptoms and externalizing behaviour in males implying that changes in brain connectivity may play a role in this association.

Answer 64

True

Question 65

The 2-Hit Hypothesis:

Answer 65

1st hit: genetic susceptibility + insult during the prenatal period (programming of disease risk & resiliency across life course) 2nd hit: More insult during postnatal period. Amplifies effect of 1st hit, more developmental problems.

Question 66

Opportunity to mitigate the effects of the first hit, improves developmental and health trajectories:

Answer 66

Postnatal Enrichment Potentially leading to absence of disease

Question 67

Early childhood deprivation  lower total brain volume Deprivation duration impacts outcomes

Answer 67

True

Question 68

ACEs linked to chronic inflammation across the life course increased circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), IL- 6, TNF-a in adulthood

Answer 68

True

Question 69

How ACE-associated inflammation may contribute to poor mental health outcomes is unclear:

Answer 69

True

Question 70

Four ACE categories:

Answer 70

abuse family dysfunction poor parent–child bonding loss of an attachment figure

Question 71

What does cumulative exposure to ACEs lead to:

Answer 71

high CRP Depressive symptoms

Question 72

Weak associations between CRP and depressive symptoms, no indirect effects of ACEs on depression mediated by CRP

Answer 72

True

Question 73

Increased circulating CRP conc. does not lead to depressive symptoms.

Answer 73

Yes

Question 74

prenatal stress (PS) can lead to neruo-deve changes, cognitive changes, behavioural changs in the offspring: However (PS + EE): Reversed neurodevelopmental changes restored and improved learning & memory impairments Reduced anxiety-like and fear behaviors.

Answer 74

True

Question 75

Probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) intervention: lead to ADHD or ASD diagnoses Differences in gut microbial composition (placebo vs the intervention - without ADHD.ASD