M5

Question 1

development that occurs between the moment of conception and the beginning
of the birth process.

Answer 1

Prenatal Development

Question 2

means carrying the embryo inside the female’s uterus.

Answer 2

Gestation

Question 3

it is the time period of development from conception to birth of the child.

Answer 3

Gestation

Question 4

pertains to the age of an unborn baby, usually dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle.

Answer 4

Gestational Age

Question 5

identify the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin, which is only produced by embryos and fetuses.

Answer 5

Pregnancy tests

Question 6

means beginning of pregnancy from the union of sperm and ovum.

Answer 6

Conception

Question 7

Prenatal development takes place in three stages or period:

Answer 7

germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

Question 8

Fertilization to 2 weeks

Answer 8

Germinal Stage (Period of the Zygote)

Question 9

Characterized by rapid cell division,

Answer 9

Germinal Stage (Period of the Zygote)

Question 10

❖ Blastocyst formation, and
❖ Implantation in the wall of the uterus

Answer 10

Germinal Stage (Period of the Zygote)

Question 11

the burrowing of the blastocyst into the lining of the uterus.

Answer 11

Implantation

Question 12

a watertight membrane that surrounds the developing embryo, serving to regulate its
temperature and to cushion it against injuries.

Answer 12

Amnion (amniotic sac)

Question 13

a membrane that becomes attached to the uterine tissues to gather nourishment for the
embryo.

Answer 13

Chorion

Question 14

an organ, formed from the lining of the uterus and the chorion

Answer 14

Placenta

Question 15

provides for respiration and nourishment of the unborn child and the elimination of its
metabolic wastes.

Answer 15

Placenta

Question 16

plays a crucial role in prenatal development because this organ is the site of all metabolic
transactions that sustain the embryo.

Answer 16

Placenta

Question 17

a soft tube containing blood vessels that connects the embryo to the placenta.

Answer 17

Umbilical cord

Question 18

transports carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from the embryo.

Answer 18

Umbilical cord

Question 19

-FROM 3 to 8 Weeks

Answer 19

Embryonic Stage (Period of the Embryo)

Question 20

the embryonic disk is rapidly differentiating into three cell layers.

Answer 20

Embryonic Stage (Period of the Embryo)

Question 21

The outer layer, or ectoderm, will become the nervous system, skin, and hair.

Answer 21

Embryonic Stage (Period of the Embryo)

Question 22

The middle layer, or mesoderm, will become the muscles, bones, and circulatory system.

Answer 22

Embryonic Stage (Period of the Embryo)

Question 23

The inner layer, or endoderm, will become the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and other vital organs such as the pancreas and liver.

Answer 23

Embryonic Stage (Period of the Embryo)

Question 24

FROM 8 weeks to birth

Answer 24

Fetal Stage (Period of the Fetus) -

Question 25

The last seven months of pregnancy, or period of the fetus, is a period of rapid growth and refinement of all organ systems.

Answer 25

Fetal Stage (Period of the Fetus) -

Question 26

This is the time during which all major organ systems begin to function and the fetus begins to move, sense, and behave (although not intentionally).

Answer 26

Fetal Stage (Period of the Fetus) -

Question 27

This is also a time when individuality emerges as different fetuses develop unique characteristics, such as different patterns of movement and different facial expressions.

Answer 27

Fetal Stage (Period of the Fetus) -

Question 28

protects fetal skin against chapping during its long exposure to amniotic fluid

Answer 28

vernix

Question 28

The fetus is now covered by a white, cheesy substance called

Answer 28

vernix

Question 29

fine layer of body hair. helps vernix stick to the skin.

Answer 29

lanugo

Question 30

the point at which survival outside the uterus is possible

Answer 30

age of viability

Question 31

refers to any disease, drug, or other environmental agent such as viruses or radiation that can harm a developing embryo or fetus by causing physical deformities, severely retarded growth, blindness, brain damage, or even death.

Answer 31

Teratogens

Question 32

the time when that particular part of the body is forming.

Answer 32

sensitive period

Question 33

➢ a disease that has little effect on a pregnant woman but may cause a number of serious birth defects in developing organisms who are exposed in the first 3 to 4 months of pregnancy.

Answer 33

Rubella (German measles)

Question 34

Example : blindness, deafness, cardiac abnormalities, and mental retardation

Answer 34

Rubella (German measles)

Question 35

disease caused by a parasite found in raw meat and cat feces; can cause birth defects if transmitted to an embryo in the first trimester and miscarriage later in pregnancy

Answer 35

Toxoplasmosis

Question 36

it can cause severe eye and brain damage

Answer 36

Toxoplasmosis

Question 37

a common sexually transmitted disease that may cross the placental barrier in the middle and later stages of pregnancy, causing miscarriage or serious birth defects.

Answer 37

Syphilis

Question 38

a sexually transmitted disease that can infect infants at birth, causing blindness, brain damage, or even death.

Answer 38

Genital herpes

Question 39

a viral disease that can be transmitted from a mother to her fetus or neonate and that results in a weakening of the body’s immune system and, ultimately, death.

Answer 39

Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Question 40

mild tranquilizer that, taken early in pregnancy, can produce a variety of malformations of the limbs, eyes, ears, and heart.

Answer 40

Thalidomide

Question 41

a structural abnormality in which all or parts of limbs are missing and the feet or hands may be attached directly to the torso.

Answer 41

phocomelia

Question 42

Heavy use of this drugs has been linked to fetal growth retardation, poor motor control, and even infant death

Answer 42

aspirin

Question 43

use of this drug in the third trimester increases the risk of a prolonged delivery and pulmonary hypertension in newborns

Answer 43

ibuprofen

Question 44

contain female sex hormones and, if a woman takes the pill without knowing that she is pregnant, her child faces a slightly increased risk of heart defects and other minor malformations

Answer 44

Oral contraceptives

Question 45

(that is, more than four soft drinks or cups of this per day) to such complications as miscarriage and low birth weight

Answer 45

heavy use of caffeine

Question 46

A variety of cognitive and behavioral defects are associated with illicit drug use-marijuana, cocaine, and heroin

Answer 46

Illicit Drugs

Question 47

an area of the brain that is involved in the regulation of emotional behavior

Answer 47

amygdala,

Question 48

It affects development of the fetus directly and indirectly by compromising the function of the placenta

Answer 48

Alcohol

Question 49

a group of serious congenital problems commonly observed in the offspring of mothers who abuse alcohol during pregnancy.

Answer 49

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Question 50

are likely to display excessive irritability, hyperactivity, seizures, and tremors. They are also smaller and lighter than normal, and their physical growth lags behind that of normal age-mates.

Answer 50

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Question 51

a group of mild congenital problems that are sometimes observed in children of mothers who drink sparingly to moderately during pregnancy.

Answer 51

Fetal Alcohol Effects (FAE)

Question 52

it introduces nicotine and carbon monoxide into both the pregnant woman’s and fetus’s bloodstreams, which impairs the functioning of the placenta, especially the exchange of oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.

Answer 52

Cigarette Smoking

Question 53

a congenital disorder in which the upper lip has a vertical (or pair of vertical) openings or grooves.

Answer 53

cleft lip

Question 54

congenital disorder in which the roof of the mouth does not close properly during embryonic development, resulting in an opening or groove in the roof of the mouth.

Answer 54

cleft palate

Question 55

These include chemicals in the environment that the pregnant woman cannot control and may not even be aware of.

Answer 55

Environmental Hazards

Question 56

Pregnant women are routinely advised to avoid X-rays, particularly of the pelvis and abdomen, unless they are crucial for their own survival.

Answer 56

Radiation

Question 57

that helps to prevent defects of the central nervous system, help to prevent spina bifida

Answer 57

folic acid or vitamin complex

Question 58

(a bulging of the spinal cord through a gap in the spinal column).

Answer 58

spina bifida