M6 CCJ Neurology I Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Three types of embryological tissue
A
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
2
Q
Endoderm gives rise to
A
Digestive Tract
Kidneys
Lungs
3
Q
Mesoderm gives rise to
A
Circulatory system Skeletal muscle bone connective tissue genitourinary system notochord
4
Q
Ectoderm gives rise to
A
Epidermis, hair, nails, cornea
Neural tube
Neural Crest
5
Q
Neural tube gives rise to
A
Brain
spinal cord
motor neurons
retina
6
Q
Neural crest gives rise to
A
Peripheral nerves
adrenal medulla
7
Q
Neural tube divides into what three sections?
A
Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
8
Q
Prosencephalon
A
Forebrain
Rises from Nueral tube
Divides into Telencephalon and Diencephalon
9
Q
Telencephalon
A
Formed from Prosencephalon
Becomes the cerebral hemispheres
10
Q
Cerebral Hemispheres
A
Formed from Telencephalon Becomes: Cerebral cortex (gray mater) Subcortical White mater (axons) Basal ganglia Basal Forebrain Nuclei (cholinergica system - acetyl choline activation)
11
Q
Diencephalon
A
Formed from Prosencephalon Becomes: Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus
12
Q
Epithalamus
A
Formed from diencephalon
Becomes:
Pineal gland
Roof of 3rd ventricle
13
Q
Mesencephalon
A
Midbrain From Neural Tube Forms: Cerebral Peduncles Periaqueductal Grey Midbrain Tectum Midbrain Tegmentum
14
Q
Cerebral Peduncles
A
Formed from Mesencephalon
Forms
Crus Cerebri
Substantia Nigra
15
Q
Crus Cerebri
A
Part of Cerebral Peduncles
Long tracts:
Corticobulbar
Corticospinal
16
Q
Substantia Nigra
A
Part of Cerebral Peduncles
Dopamine production
17
Q
Periaqueductal Grey
A
From Mesencephalon
Pain inhibition
18
Q
Midbrain Tectum
A
From Mesencephalon
Posterior to cerebral aqueduct
Superior and Inferior Colliculi
19
Q
Midbrain Tegmentum
A
From Mesencephalon Anterior to cerebral aqueduct Made up of: Medial Lemniscus Anterolateral tracts Sup. Cerebellar Peduncles Red Nucleus CN III & IV - eye movements Raphe Nuclei Ventral Tegmental area
20
Q
Medial Lemniscus
A
Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct
Dorsal column proprioception - ascending
21
Q
Anterolateral Tracts
A
Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct.
Temperature, pain and crude touch - ascending
22
Q
Superior Cerebellar Peduncles
A
Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct.
Main output of Cerebellum
23
Q
Red Nucleus
A
Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct.
Motor coordination
24
Q
Raphe Nuclei
A
Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct.
Serotonin Production
25
Ventral Tegmental Area
Part of Midbrain Tegmentum anterior to cerebral aqueduct. Dopamine production.
26
Serotonin
or 5-hydroxytryptamine is a monoamine neurotransmitter. It has a popular image as a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness, though its actual biological function is complex and multifaceted, modulating cognition, reward, learning, memory, and numerous physiological processes.
27
Dopamine
one of the brain's neurotransmitters—a chemical that ferries information between neurons. Dopamine helps regulate movement, attention, learning, and emotional responses. It also enables us not only to see rewards but to take action to move toward them.
28
Astrocyte
```
CNS glial cell
Maintains extracellular environment
Removes excess neurotransmitters
Directs neural growth
Induces blood-brain barrier
```
29
Satellite Cell
PNS glial cell
Maintains extracellular environment
Removes excess neurotransmitters
Directs neural growth
30
Oligodendrocyte
CNS glial cell
| Creates myelin
31
Schwann Cell
PNS glial cell
| Creates myelin
32
Microglia
CNS glial cell
| Immune surveillance and phagocytosis
33
Ependymal Cell
CNS glial cell
| Creates and circulates CSF
34
Unipolar Neuron
Both dendrites and axons arise form a single proccess.
| Mostly in invertebrates
35
Bipolar Neuron
A single axon and single dendrite arise from the cell body.
| Mostly sensory and involved in vision and olfaction
36
Multipolar Neuron
Multiple axons and dendrites arise from the cell body an/or will have axon collaterals.
Most common in mammals.
37
Action potential arrives at synapse
Depolarizes synaptic bulb
38
Synaptic bulb depolarized from action potential
Calcium ions enter the cytoplasm, and after a brief delay, ACh is released through the exocytosis of synaptic vessicles.
39
ACh release into synaptic cleft
ACh binds to sodium channel receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, producing a graded depolarization.
40
Postsynaptic depolarization
Ends as ACh is broken down into acetate and choline by AChE
41
ACh broken down
Synaptic knob reabsorbs choline from cleft and uses it to synthesize new molecules of ACh.
42
Lobes of the Cortex
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
43
Cerebral Cortex
```
Neocortex
2 cerebral hemispheres connected by Corpus Callosum.
Conscious awareness
Integration and processing
7 layers of gray matter
```
44
Frontal lobe
```
Executive Functioning (attention, memory, language)
Social and Moral reasoning
Self awareness
Mood
Personality
Voluntary Movement (motor homunculus)
```
45
Primary Motor Cortex
| Location
Frontal lobe: precentral gyrus just anterior to central sulcus
46
Primary Motor Cortex
| Action
Contralateral voluntary motor (motor homunculus)
47
Primary Motor Cortex
| Output
```
Brainstem (corticobulbar tract)
Spinal cord (corticospinal tract)
```
48
Primary Motor Cortex
| Input
Premotor cortex
Primary somatosensory area
Ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus
49
Ventral lateral nucleus of Thalamus
relay nucleus with projections from the cerebellum.
| Modulate the output of M1 by giving proper position, timing and coordination
50
Primary Motor Cortex
| Damage
Results in contralateral flaccid or spastic paralysis
51
Premotor Cortex
| Location
Frontal lobe, rostral to M1
52
Premotor Cortex
| Action
Integration of sensory and motor information for the performance of action (praxis)
53
Premotor Cortex
| Output
M1 and contralateral premotor cortex
54
Premotor Cortex
| Input
Secondary somatosensory area and ventral anterior thalamic nucleus
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Ventral anterior thalamic nucleus
relay necleus with projections from basal ganglia
56
Premotor Cortex
Damage
25
1. Apraxia - inability to carryout complicated tasks (without paralysis).
2. Deficits in contralateral fine motor control.
3. Deficits in using sensory feedback in motor control.
57
Frontal Eye Fields (26)
| Location
Frontal Lobe: Rostral to premotor cortex
58
Frontal Eye Fields (26)
| Action
Control of voluntary eye movements in contralateral field for visual search - Saccadic eye movements
59
Frontal Eye Fields (26)
| Output
M1 and contralateral premotor cortex
60
Frontal Eye Fields (26)
| Input
Secondary somatosensory area and ventral anterior thalamic nucleus.
61
Frontal Eye Fields (26)
| Damage
Loss of voluntary saccadic visual search although preservation of pursuit of an object.
62
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (27)
| Location
Frontal lobe: rostral to frontal eye fields and superior to orbitofrontal cortex.
63
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (27)
| Action
Executive function - ability to utilize multiple sensory inputs for generation of appropriate responses.
64
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (27)
| Output
Caudate nucleus
65
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (27)
| Input
Vast but mainly from thalamus (ventral anterior and mediodorsal nuclei)
66
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (27)
| Damage
Perseveration, impersistence, difficulties of sensory perception, poor organization of learning and recall.
67
Perseveration
Pathological persistent repitition
68
impersistence
the inability to sustain certain simple voluntary acts
69
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Orbitofrontal Cortex (28)
Location
```
Frontal lobe inferior to the DLPF Cortex as the most rostral portion of the frontal lobe
70
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Orbitofrontal cortex (28)
Action
```
Modulation of affective and social behavior, working memory for feature information and smell discrimination.
71
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Orbitofrontal Cortex (28)
Output
```
Autonomic musculature and basal forebrain cholinergic system - regulation of behavior
72
```
Orbitofrontal Cortex (28)
Input
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Limbic and olfactory systems, inferotemporal lobe (memory function), and ventral visual pathways (analysis of form and color).
73
```
Orbitofrontal Cortex (28)
Damage
```
Behavioral disinhibition or socially inappropriate behavior. Anosmia (loss of smell detection).
74
Cingulate Cortex / Supplementary Motor Area (29)
| Location
Frontal Lobe, medial cortex, superior to corpus callosum.
75
Cingulate Cortex / Supplementary Motor Area (29)
| Action
Drive, motivation, environmental exploration
76
Cingulate Cortex / Supplementary Motor Area (29)
| Output
Connections to deep limbic structures (Basal forebrain and nucleus accumbens) for emotional formation and memory.
77
Cingulate Cortex / Supplementary Motor Area (29)
| Input
Thalamus and neocortex
78
Cingulate Cortex / Supplementary Motor Area (29)
| Damage
Apathy and akinetic mutism (loss of motivation), complex attention deficits, and Alien Hand
79
Broca's Area (30)
| Location
Frontal lobe inferior frontal gyrus adjacent to areas of M1 that control lips, tongue, face, and larynx.
80
Broca's Area (30)
| Action
Motor control of speech
81
Broca's Area (30)
| Damage
Expressive aphasia - deficit in production in language (aka Broca's or motor aphasia).
82
Primary somatosensory cortex (31)
| Location
Parietal lobe postcentral gyrus just posterior to the central sulcus.
83
Primary somatosensory cortex (31)
| Action
Sensation of touch, pain, temperature, vibration, proprioception
84
Primary somatosensory cortex (31)
| Output
Primary motor, visual, auditory areas
85
Primary somatosensory cortex (31)
| Input
Thalamus (Ventral posterior lateral nucleus)
86
Primary somatosensory cortex (31)
| Damage
Loss of sensation
87
Parieto-insular Vestibular Cortex (34)
| Location
Parietal lobe Angular Gyrus (inferior parietal lobule), Superior temporal gyrus, occipital gyrus.
88
Parieto-insular Vestibular Cortex (34)
| Action
Perception of vertical upright and body schema.
89
Parieto-insular Vestibular Cortex (34)
| Output
Contralateral vestibular nucleus, cerebellum, vestibulospinal tract.
90
Parieto-insular Vestibular Cortex (34)
| Input
Multi-sensory input including Vestibular, visual, and parietal areas via cortical-cortical connections or via the thalamus.
91
Parieto-insular Vestibular Cortex (34)
| Damage
Loss of vertical upright - pusher syndrome, pisa syndrome
92
Primary Auditory Cortex (36)
| Location
Temporal Lobe: Herschl's gyri and superior temporal gyrus.
93
Primary Auditory Cortex (36)
| Action
Hearing
94
Primary Auditory Cortex (36)
| Damage
Loss of perception and localization of hearing
95
Wernicke's Area (37)
| Location
Temporal Lobe: Superior temporal gyrus
96
Wernicke's Area (37)
| Action
Perception of speech
97
Wernicke's Area (37)
| Input
Primary auditory cortex and primary visual cortex
98
Wernicke's Area (37)
| Damage
Wernicke's Aphasia - loss of ability to comprehend verbal or written language (aka sensory or receptive aphasia).
99
Primary olfactory Cortex and LImbic Associaton Cortex (38)
| Location
Temporal Lobe: perihippocampal gyrus, Temporal Pole
100
Primary Olfactory Cortex and Limbic Association Cortex (38)
| Action
Smell, emotions
101
Primary Olfactory Cortex and Limbic Association Cortex (38)
| Damage
Emotional lability, loss of perception of smell
102
Primary and secondary visual cortex (39)
| Location
Occipital lobe: banks of calcarine fissure, medial and lateral occipital gyri.
103
Primary and secondary visual cortex (39)
| Action
Vision, depth, visual association
104
Primary and secondary visual cortex (39)
| Input
Temporal and parietal visual radiations via the optic chiasm
105
Primary and secondary visual cortex (39)
| Output
Dorsal pathways: Parietal lobe for "where?"
| Ventral pathways: Temporal lobe for "what?"
106
Primary and secondary visual cortex (39)
| Damage
visual hallucinations, cortical blindness, blind-sight
107
Thalamus functions
1. Relay center for nearly all inputs from the brain and periphery to the cortex.
a. Limbic system, reticular formation, cerebellum, basal ganglia, somatosensory, auditory, visual, vestibular.
b. Only area not to relay through the thalamus is olfaction.
2. Reciprocal input to and from the cortex
108
Thalamus structures
```
Anterior Nuclear group
Medial Nuclear group
Lateral Nuclear group
Ventral Nuclear group
Intralaminar group
```
109
Basal Ganglia Structures (7 of them)
1. Caudate Nucleus
2. Putamen
3. Globus Pallidus
4. Subthalamic nucleus
5. Substantia Nigra
6. Nucleus Accumbens
7. Ventral pallidum
110
Caudate Nucleus
Part of Basal Ganglia
| Learning; storing and processing memories
111
Putamen
Part of Basal Ganglia
| Regulates movement and influences learning
112
Globus Pallidus
Part of Basal Ganglia
| Regulation of voluntary movement
113
Subthalamic nucleus
Part of Basal Ganglia
| inhibition and movement control
114
Substantia Nigra
Part of Basal Ganglia
| Dopamine and GABA production
115
Nucleus Accumbens
Part of Basal Ganglia
Reward circuit
Definition: Part of the ventral striatum with connections to the limbic system
Structure: Two parts: shell and core
Function: Connects the limbic system to the motor system. Mediation of motivation, reward and pleasure, addiction, impulsivity, risk taking, survival and reproductive behaviours.
https://youtu.be/3_zgB19TE-M
116
Ventral Pallidum
Part of Basal Ganglia
| reward and motivation
117
Basal Ganglia functions
1. General motor control
2. eye movements
3. Cognitive functions
4. Emotional functions
