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m7 + 8 lecture - endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what organs are involved in the endocrine system?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pineal gland
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • thymus
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • ovary (female)
  • testis (male)
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2
Q

what are hormones?

A
  • chemical messengers
  • amino acid or cholesterol based
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3
Q

what are target tissues?

A
  • tissues containing receptors that are activated by specific hormones
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4
Q

what is a steroid hormone?

A
  • made from cholesterol
  • lipid-soluble

ex.) testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol

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5
Q

how do steroid hormones move?

A

direct gene activation

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6
Q

what is direct gene activation?

A
  • can move thru membrane + into the nucleus
  • attaches to receptor in nucleus
  • activates an enzyme which will target a specific gene on a chromosome
  • results = protein synthesis
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7
Q

what are amino acid based hormones?

A
  • water soluble
  • need surface membrane receptor
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8
Q

how do amino acid based hormones move?

A

second messenger systems

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9
Q

what are second-messenger systems?

A
  • hormone attaches to a surface receptor
  • surface receptor stimulates G-proteins along membrane
  • activating cyclic AMP (triggers a change)
    – cAMP activates any number of different enzymes called Protein Kinase = these creates changes inside the cell
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10
Q

what happens during the positive feedback loop?

A
  • happens with oxytocin release during labor and delivery ONLY
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11
Q

what is the negative feedback loop cycle?

A

repeated cycle
1) stimulus
2) control center
3) hormone
4) action
5) negative impact

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12
Q

what is a humoral stimulus?

A
  • stimulus is determined by blood levels of certain chemicals
  • glucose => insulin/glucagon
  • Ca+ –> parathyroid hormone = 9-11 mg/100ml
  • O2 –> erythropoietin
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13
Q

what is the negative feedback loop?

A
  • one way that the endocrine system tries to keep homeostasis (stability) in the body
  • if an endocrine gland senses that there is too much of one hormone in the body, it will initiate changes to decrease production of that hormone.
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14
Q

what is erythropoietin?

A
  • produced by kidneys
  • a hormone that tells the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels
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15
Q

what is a neural stimulus?

A
  • where the ANS system initiates a hormone be released
    — epinephrine - SNS
    — stomach hormones - m/c
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16
Q

what is a hormonal stimulus? m/c

A
  • begins at hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland stimulates release of other hormones
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17
Q

what is hypophysis? (pituitary gland)

A
  • hangs below the hypothalamus from the infundibulum
  • controls many other endocrine glands = called master gland
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18
Q

what are the two parts of the hypophysis? (pituitary gland)

A
  • anterior (adenohypophysis)
  • posterior (neurohypophysis)
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19
Q

what does the adenohypophysis do? (anterior pituitary gland)

A
  • produces 6 types of hormones
    –> release regulated by hypophyseal portal system
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20
Q

what happens in the neurohypophysis? (posterior pituitary gland)

A
  • stores hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurosecretory cells that extend down through the infundibulum
21
Q

anterior pituitary gland hormones: name and action

A

GHRH –> growth hormone (GH) - achondroplasia, gigantism, acromegaly
TRH –> thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - thyroid
ACTRH –> adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) - adrenal cortex
GnRH –> LH + FSH - gonads
PRH - Prolactin - milk production

22
Q

posterior pituitary hormones: name + action

A

oxytocin - 1) uterine contractions 2) milk letdown 3) emotional bonding

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - increases permeability of the collecting duct to water = decreased urine loss (less water loss)

23
Q

what causes diabetes insipidus?

A
  • when the body doesn’t make enough anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) - hyposecretion
24
Q

thyroid gland: location + action

A
  • two main portions on either ride of the larynx - connected by isthmus
  • action of hormone: establishes core body temp.
    ex.) “furnace” of the body, runs more in winter than summer bc of the cold - to maintain body temp
25
what is the hormone produced in thyroid gland?
thyroxine (T3 or T4) -- is produced with iodine combined with tyrosine (amino acid) - increases metabolic activity in all tissue cells - important for normal growth in childhood
26
what are the sx for hypothroidism? (cretinism, myxedema, hashimoto's dz)
- low thyroxine - low vital signs - low temp. - low appetite - lethargic - increased weight - increased TSH
27
what are the sx for hyperthyroidism? (grave's dz, exophthalates)
- increased thyroxine - increased temp. - increased appetite - decreased TSH (can't sleep) - decreased weight
28
what do the adrenal glands do?
- sit on top of each kidney contain two secretory areas: -- cortex -- medullary area
29
what happen in the cortex of the adrenal gland?
- responds to hormonal stimuli - produces hormones called corticosteroids ex.) cortisol, aldosterone
30
what happens in the medullary area of the adrenal gland?
- responds to neural stimuli through the SNS - produces catecholamines ex.) epinephrine
31
what is aldosterone (anti-diuretic)?
- mineralocorticoid - regulates salt and water balance in the body - secretion stimulated by dehydration and drop in BP --> leads to kidney's production of renin - regulator of extracellular minerals = Na + K - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) --> aldosterone --> increased Na/H2O reabsorption - Na retention lead to decrease in K ex.) extended process = cramping
32
what is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
- a hormone system that regulates blood pressure, blood volume, and electrolyte balance - by increasing sodium and water reabsorption, and vascular tone - three main substances: renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone
33
what are the glucocorticoids?
- cortisol = produced in long-term stress situations (physical or emotional)
34
what happens with glucocorticoids?
- these influence the cells metabolism of glucose - stimulated by release of ACTH - stimulates process of gluconeogenesis - is anti-inflammatory + used medicinally ex.) cortisone, prednisone
35
what is gluconeogenesis?
- production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources to provide more energy for activity
36
what side effects happen during extended cortisol secretion?
- decreased protein formation - affects hair, muscles, nails - decreased healing rates - suppressed immune reaction - high BP - decreased mental functions
37
what is cushing's syndrome?
- hypersecretion of cortisol, due to over secretion of ACTH cause: usually tumor on pituitary or adrenal gland sx: buffalo hump, moon face, red cheeks
38
what are gonadocorticoids?
- cortex of adrenal gland produces both types of sex hormones ex.) testosterone and estrogen - may help start puberty and maturation of gonads
39
what happens in the medullary area of the adrenal gland?
- produces catecholamines ex.) epinephrine, nor-epinephrine chromaffin cells: - produce the hormones - short term stress hormones - deal with fight or flight situations
40
what is the pancreas?
- location: just below stomach - both an exocrine (enzymes) and an endocrine (hormones) gland
41
what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
islets of langerhan's: - pockets of glandular tissue in pancreas hormones produced: - insulin - glucagon
42
what does insulin do?
- produced in the beta cells of the islets - stimulation: high blood glucose levels - stimulates body tissue cells to absorb glucose to lower blood sugar levels, stimulating protein synthesis, lipogenesis, and glycogenesis
43
what does glucagon do?
- secreted by the alpha cells - stimulation: low blood glucose levels - effects the liver to release stored glucose in glycogen
44
diabetes mellitus type one: cause, age, and treatment?
cause - autoimmune age- childhood treatment - insulin injections
45
diabetes mellitus type two: cause, age, and treatment?
cause - poor diet age - adult treatment - meds, diet, exercise
46
what causes diabetes insipidus?
low ADH
47
what happens in the testes?
- controlled by FSH and LH - release testosterone and produce sperm - control growth in stature, muscle, and promotes male sexual characteristics
48
what happens in the ovaries?
- controlled by FSH and LH - regulates ovarian cycle and production of estrogen and progesterone - promotes female sexual characteristics and uterine cycle
49
other hormone producing organs, their hormones and their actions:
-- skin - vitamin D3 --> serotonin --> :) -- heart - atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - regulates blood pressure and salt-water balance --> diuretic, blocks aldosterone -- placenta --> progesterone, HCG -- kidney --> EPO, renin -- adipose --> leptin

adv. anatomy + physiology (24 decks)

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