Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

S4 2539 > M7 Immunity > Flashcards

M7 Immunity Flashcards

(120 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

SIRS
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

A

Action of intrinsic immune factors

Can be triggered by infectious or non-infectious origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sepsis

A

Systemic due to infection inflammation aka, Severe SIRS,

Response is now systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When sepsis becomes severe it complicates the function of

A

organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Septic shock
Systemic response S/S

A

Hypotension
Inadequate perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

SIRS cause types

A

Infectious or noninfectious
If infectious = sepsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Patients at risk of septic shock

A

Immunocompromised
Infants
Elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SIRS/Sepsis Patho

A

Initial infection produces HUGE inflammatory response

Response exerts a harmful effect on Vascular, Coagulation and Immune systems

Immune systems becomes SO overwhelmed that is now works against the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

To correct the sepsis hyperimmune response, the body produces anti-inflammatory substances that

A

Create a period of immune depression increasing risk of nosocomial infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4 PRIMARY patho changes in sepsis/sirs

A

Myocardial depression
Vasodilation
3rd spacing (of plasma)
Microemboli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

SIRS is identified by 2 or more symptoms of

A

Fever
Hypothermia
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Leucocyte changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

To recap sepsis is

A

SIRS due to INFECTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inflammation =

if unchecked it will result in

A

Coagulation

reduction in blood to limbs and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where does sepsis occur most often

A

In hospitalized people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The balance of what 2 systems determines sepsis outcome

A

Systemic inflammatory response SIRS
Counter anti-inflammatory response CARS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Common causes of SIRS

A

Infection
Trauma
Pancreatitis
Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Wounds and devices that put people at risk of infections

A

Wounds
burns, ulcers

Devices
Catheters, drains, breathing tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

S/S of SIRS/sepsis

breathing
urine
hr
gi

A

Hyperventilation
vUrine
^HR
N/V/D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Labs for SIRS/Sepsis

A

Blood
Urine
CBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Monitoring procedures for SIRS/Sepsis

A

Vitals
Blood chemistry
ABGs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What organs to monitor for SIRS/Sepsis

A

Kidney
Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Visual scans for infection

A

Xray
CT
Ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Vasodilation with sepsis leads to what complications

A

drop in BP
increase in HR to compensate
crackles in lungs
hypoxemia due to lack of pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hypoxemia with sepsis leads to what complications

lungs
a/b

A

rapid breathing to compensate
respiratory alkalosis
metabolic acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

SIRS CRITERIA
NEED 2 to diagnose

A

Temp over 100.4 or under 96.8
HR over 90
Resp rate over 20
PaCO2 less than 32mmHg
WBC greater than 12000 or less than 4000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Skin indicators with SIRS/Sepsis
Cap refill greater than 3 sec Mottling Significant edema
26
Renal and hepatic labs with SIRS/Sepsis
^Bun ^Creatinine ^Urine specific gravity ^ALT AST ^Lactate
27
Nursing goals with SIRS/Sepsis
Normal tissue perfusion Normal blood pressure Normal organ function
28
Septic shock, how to monitor patients status
Vitals Mental Urine output Hemodynamics (fluid excess of deficit)
29
How to treat sepsis low BP
Add fluids via IV
30
What to monitor for oxygenation with sepsis
PaO2 SpO2 MAP CO Hemoblobin
31
To assess fluid status with septic shock monitor
I&O Daily weight
32
Diabetic sepsis lab to view
GLUCOSE
33
Shock indicator on the ECG
ST changes
34
MAP should be above
60
35
What to give with angina
Nitro
36
Vasogenic shock management drug classes
Antibiotics Antihistamines Epinephrine Antiinflammatorys
37
HIV 101
Retrovirus Destroys CD4 lymphocytes
38
HIV is carried in the
RNA
39
HIV stranded RNA MOA
serves as blueprint for host to produce destructive cells
40
What body liquids does HIV travel in
Semen Vaginal secretions CSF Breast milk Amniotic fluid Saliva Tears Blood
41
When is Vomit urine or stool contaminated with HIV
If it has blood
42
CD4 T are also know as
Helper Ts
43
For HIV to replicate it involves what enzymes
Integrase Protease Transcriptase
44
What HIV med classes block interference with the Inegrace protease and transcriptase enzymes
NNRTI NRTI PI
45
B cells make HIV-specific antibodies resulting in
Activated T cells mounting an immune response
46
HIV CD4 T destruction exceeds body production resulting in
Impaired immune function
47
Normal T count Problems start at what count Severe immunocompromise at what count
1200-800 less than 500 less than 200
48
Age risk for HIV
13-24 over 50
49
Other risk factors for HIV
Socioeconomic status Lifestyle Environmental factors Drugs Other illnesses
50
Zoonotic diseases
Transmitted from animals to humans HIV is one of em
51
HIV antibodies may not be detectable for
6 months
52
During this 6 month undetectable window can HIV still be trasmitted
YES
53
HIV diagnosis should be confirmed by how many method
At least 2
54
Since HIV is transmittable during the undetectable phase, this implication for healthcare workers means
BE CAREFUL
55
3 stages of HIV
Acute or primary Clinical latency AIDS
56
Acute/primary HIV
flu like symptoms at best CD4 may fall rapidly
57
Clinical latency HIV
asymptomatic HIV produces at low levels May last 10 years if ART is administered
58
AIDS HIV stage Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Immune failure 3y survival rate T less than 200 Opportunistic for infections and secondary cancer
59
When is HIV most transmittable
Acute primary and AIDS
60
What becomes compromised with HIV
Defense barriers Lymph system Innate and adaptive immunity
61
Comprehensive history for HIV
Presence of risk factors Known exposure Current meds for hiv Opportunistic infections Secondary cancer
62
S/S of Initial or Primary infection with HIV
Flu like (fever, sore threat, N/V, headaches) Stomach pain Lymphadenopathy Skin rash
63
S/S of AIDS
Malaise/fatigue Night sweats Weight loss Oral lesions Seizures Neuropathy
64
Time between HIV and aids is smaller for
Children
65
Diagnostic tests for HIV
Rapid antibody ELISA Westernblot RT-PCR
66
Panels that will be altered with HIV
CBC Kidney Liver Fasting lipid Fasting glucose
67
Viral load
Number of HIV particles in plasma
68
Undetectable viral load means
Load is less than detectable parameters Does NOT mean pt is cured or that disease is untransmutable
69
Primary HIV prevention
Prevent manage and modify personal risk factors
70
Secondary HIV prevention Screening and diagnosis for
HIV Co-infections Opportunistic infections Secondary cancers
71
HIV Co-infections
Hep B Hep C Tuberculosis STDs
72
Tertiary HIV prevention
Infection prevention Rest/exercise routines Stress and anxiety control Med regiment Anti-HIV meds
73
Basic health practices with HIV
Avoid groups Hand hygiene Get immz Good skin care and personal hygiene
74
HIV ART or HAART Antiretroviral therapy
Minimum of 3 anti-HIV drugs from at least 2 different drug classes daily
75
Different HIV drug classes
NRTI NNRTI PI Fusion inhibitors CCR5 antagonists Integrase inhibitors
76
NNRTIs NRTIs PIs MOA
top 2 block transcriptase 3rd blocks protease
77
Fusion inhibitor meds MOA
block HIV from entering CD4
78
CCR5 antagonist meds MOA
CCR5 is a protein on CD4 cells needed for transmission these meds block it
79
Integrase inhibitors MOA
HIV cant copy self
80
Collaborative HIV interventions Usually late stages
Nutritional therapy Oxygen therapy
81
Surgical HIV interventions
Chest tube Lobectomy Pneumonectomy
82
What organs can be transplanted
Kidney Heart Liver Lungs Pancreas Stomach & Intestines
83
Allograft
Transplant from a non-identical donor (not a twin)
84
Organ rejection involves both _ and _ immunity
Humoral Cell mediated
85
Cell involved in organ rejection
T&B lymphocytes Antibodies Cytokines
86
Organ rejection can occur how quickly or how long after
within 24 h months or years
87
S/S of organ rejection
Inflammatory response (pain fever) and specific signs related to organ if kidney - creatinine bun if liver -ATL AST
88
To stop rejection of organ, pt will need
Immunosuppressant drugs
89
Hyperacute rejection
Minutes to hours occurs due to existence of prior antibodies from blood transfusions or pregnancies
90
Acute rejection
Weeks or months Lymphocytes that activate against donor antigens
91
Chronic rejection
Months to years after acute rejection
92
To prevent rejection, tissue typing is done prior this process invovles
Human leukocyte antigen compatibility HLA Percent reactive antibodies PRA
93
You want HLA human leukocyte antigen compatibility to be
Identical
94
You want PRA Percent relative antibodies to be
Not existent You want no antibodies reacting to donors organ
95
PRAs are done how often
Monthly
96
Immunosuppressant drugs
Calcineurin inhibitors Rapamycin inhibitors Antiproliferative agents Antibodies Corticosteroids
97
Calcineurin 101
inhibits T lymphocytes and cytokines side effects nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, diabetes mellitus
98
Rapamycin 101
inhibits T & B cells side effects neutropenia, delayed wound healing
99
Antiproliferative agents 101
Suppress B&T
100
Poly and monoclonal antibodies for immunosuppressants
Block both humoral and cell mediated response Used for acute rejection Has multiple side effects
101
By using multiple drugs for immunosuppression at the same time...
Lower dosages can be used reducing risk of side effects
102
Immunosuppressants can also contribute to
Melanomas Lymphomas Other cancers
103
History before giving immunosupp
Acute and chronic infections History of cancer Lifestyle - poor nutrition, smoking
104
Nursing diagnosis for immunosupp
Ineffective med regimen Risk of infection Risk of injury Social isolation
105
Priority nursing actions for post organ transplants
Correct admin of immunosuppressant Monitor for rejection Monitor for drug effect Prevent infections
106
OTCs and herbals when on immunosupp
Not without permission
107
key to immunosupp admin
consistent manner regarding time/day/food or no food
108
Early signs of organ rejection
Not feeling well Flu like symptoms Pain and swelling at transplant site Organ decline
109
To determine organ function it is important to show to which appts
Lab tests
110
For each immunosupp drug prescribed give teaching in what format
Written and verbal
111
What herbs suppress immune system
Ginseng St Johns wort
112
what juice alters absorption of immunosupp
Grapefruit
113
To prevent infections while on immunosupp
Avoid exposure Maintain healthy lifestyle Take prophylactic antibiotics Report infections
114
Risk of infection is determined by
ANC Absolute neutrophil count
115
What is a low ANC
less than 1000
116
To prevent infections immunosupp patients are given prophylactic
Antibiotics
117
When ANC is below 1000, care for ALL lines and invasive procedures becomes
aseptic
118
Even a _ temp can indicate infection with immunossups
mild
119
Lifestyle things to avoid when on immunosups
Fresh fruit and veg Live plants Humidifiers
120
Due to increased risk for cancer with immunosupps do... use...
Routine screenings Sun screen and protective clothing

S4 2539 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions