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CC 2 LAB FINALS > M7: TOXICOLOLGY > Flashcards

M7: TOXICOLOLGY Flashcards

1
Q

is an enzyme
which serves as a marker for alcohol abuse

A

Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)

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2
Q

ALCOHOLS
TARGET

A

BRAIN

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3
Q

Disorientation, confusion, and euphoria
 unconsciousness, paralysis, and death

A

ALCOHOLS

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4
Q

ALCOHOL AND METHANOL
TOXIC LEVEL:

A

> 50 mg/dL

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5
Q

(nonhemodialysis patients)

A

 >400 mg/dL

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6
Q

(hemodialysis
patients)

A

 >500 mg/dL

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7
Q

Ethanol
Fetal dose:

A

300-400 mL

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8
Q

other name ethanol

A

 “Grain alcohol”

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9
Q

 accumulation of lactic acid and ketones from alcohol

A

ACIDOSIS
ethanol

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10
Q

inhibition of the hormone ADH

A

DIURESIS
-ethanol

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11
Q

methanol other name

A

wood alcohol

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12
Q

 diuresis and acidosis
 Blurred vision
 Incoordination
 Slurred speech and coma
 Hangover symptoms

A

ethanol

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13
Q

 Blindness
 Metabolic acidosis

A

methanol

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14
Q

 Laboratory solvent

A

methanol

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15
Q

 Contaminant in home-made liquors

A

methanol

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16
Q

 used to check for chemical reactions

A

methanol

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17
Q

 Isopropyl alcohol
 rubbing alcohol

A

ISOPROPANOL

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18
Q

METHANOL
Fatal dose:

A

60-250 mL

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19
Q

 CNS depression
 Hypertension
 Indication of toxicity: increased acetone

A

ISOPROPANOL

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20
Q

ISOPROPANOL
Fatal dose:

A

250mL

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21
Q

Found in hydraulic fluid and anti-freeze substances

A

ETHYLENE GLYCCOL

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22
Q

has a characteristic sweet taste and smell.

A

ETHYLENE GLYCCOL

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23
Q

 presence of calcium oxalate crystals

A

ETHYLENE GLYCCOL

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24
Q

ETHYLENE GLYCCOL
FATAL DOSE:

A

Fatal dose: 100 g/mL

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25
Q

 Increased ______can also be found in
metabolic imbalances

A

OSMOLAR GAP

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26
Q

Difference between measured and calculated
osmolarity

A

OSMOLAR GAP

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27
Q

 Freezing point depression:

A

Increased serum
alcohol concentration, increased osmolarity
(directly proportional)

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28
Q

Most common method
 non-human form of alcohol dehydrogenase

A

ENZYMATIC METHOD P

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29
Q

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Internal standard:

A

n-propanol

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30
Q
  • the space between
    the liquid
A

Headspace or volatiles

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31
Q

Simultaneously measures other alcohol
species

A

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY

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32
Q

Most common method : ALCOHOLS

A

ENZYMATIC METHOD

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33
Q

 Formed from incomplete combustion
of carbon- containing substances

A

CARBON
MONOXIDE

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34
Q

CO + cytochrome – inhibits
transport of electrons

A

o CO + hemoglobin
o CO + myoglobin

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35
Q

CARBON MONOXIDE
____higher affinity with hemoglobin
and impairs oxygen transport

A

 200x

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36
Q

Major toxic effect: tissue hypoxia

A

CARBON
MONOXIDE

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37
Q

CAUSTIC AGENTS

A

-CARBON
MONOXIDE
-CYANIDE
-METALS
-PESTICIDES

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38
Q

CYANIDE
Toxic level:

A

> 2ug/mL

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39
Q

 Indication of toxicity: “cherryred” color of the face

A

CARBON MONOXIDE

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40
Q

Indication of toxicity: “Odor of
bitter almonds” breath -
Hallmark

A

CYANIDE

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41
Q

CARBON MONOXIDE
MEASUREMENTS:

A

-SPOT TEST FOR EXCESSIVE CARBON –MONOXIDE EXPOSURE
-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
-SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

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42
Q

SPOT TEST FOR EXCESSIVE CARBON MONOXIDE EXPOSURE
PRINCIPLE

A

5mL of 40% NaOH + 5mL aqueous solution of whole blood

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43
Q

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
PRINCIPLE:

A

Whole blood + potassium ferricyanide to release CO from
hemoglobin

44
Q

Components of insecticides and
rodenticides
 Inhibits cellular respiration, electron
transport, and ATP formation
 Has capability to bind with iron

A

CYANIDE

45
Q

CYANIDE: SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
PRINCIPLE

A

 Whole blood + Strong acid → Hydrocyanic acid
 Hydrocyanic acid + Strong base → RED COMPLEX

46
Q

capable of crossing the placenta

A

ARSENIC

47
Q

ARSENIC
 Inhibits ___throughout the
body

A

sulfhydryl enzymes

48
Q

Acute Fatal Dose:
 ____ (arsenic trioxide)
 ____ (arsenic gas)

A

-120 mg
-30 ppm

49
Q

 Indication of toxicity:
o “Garlic odor” breath
o Metallic Taste

A

ARSENIC

50
Q

 Destruction of Type 1 epithelial cells in
lungs

A

CADMIUM

51
Q

Increased resistance to bacterial infection

A

CADMIUM

52
Q

CADMIUM

A

-can accumulate in the kidney and lead to
renal tubular damage.

53
Q

Indicator for ____ is positive GGT in the
urine

A

cadmium

54
Q

 Blocks the enzymes
 Potent enzyme inhibitor

A

LEAD

55
Q

LEAD

A

-Delta aminolevulinic acid synthetase
-Pyrimidine 5’-nucleotidase
-Na-K ATPase

56
Q

 Urinary aminolevulinic acid
 Free RBC porphyrins
 Presence of basophilic stippling in the
RBC

A

-LEAD

57
Q

MERCURY
- Inhibits

A

COMT (catecholamine-Omethyltransferase

58
Q

Has the ability to amalgamate (bind, merge)

A

MERCURY

59
Q

 Two forms of mercury:

A

elemental and alkyl

60
Q

Major Toxic Effect of Alkyl Mercury

A

 Congenital Minamata Disease
 Severe mercury intoxication

61
Q

Major Toxic Effect of Elemental Mercury:

A

 Acrodynia – pink foot
 Erethism - mad hatter disease

62
Q

Face
deformity

A

Congenital Minamata Disease

63
Q

mad hatter disease

A

Erethism

64
Q

MERCURY
TESTS

A

-REINSCH TETS
-ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
-ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
-INDUCTIVELY COUPLE PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY

65
Q

REINSCH TEST

A

Copper wire + Nitric acid solution + sample

66
Q

Lead or mercury COLOR

A

GRAY

67
Q

MERCURY
Positive Result:

A

Black Plating of Copper wire

68
Q

After one hour, the copper is cooled and rinsed

A

REINSCH TEST

69
Q

 Mixture is heated for _____ and there is
subsequent addition of HCl

A

1 HR

70
Q

Aerosol is delivered to the source, where is
receives energy to emit radiation

A

ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

71
Q

 Absorption = concentration of the analyte.
 Follow Beer’s law

A

ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

72
Q

Substances that have been intentionally
added to the environment to kill or harm an
undesirable life form

A

-PESTICIDE

73
Q

PESTICIDES
Most common configuration:

A

Organophosphates

74
Q

Organophosphates inhibit
____

A

acetylcholinesterase

75
Q

PESTICIDE
 Screening test:
 Confirmatory test:

A
  • SchE (Serum Cholinesterase)
    -Erythrocytic ChE
    (Erythrocytic Cholinesterase
76
Q

Symptoms of Toxicity
 Salivation
 Lacrimation: tearing of the eyes
 Involuntary urination and defecation

A

PESTICIDE

77
Q

CHOLINESTERASE ASSAYS

A

-Michel Method/pH Change
-Ellman -Method/Colorimetric

78
Q

 When Choline ester is hydrolyzed, a proton is released

A

Michel Method/pH Change

79
Q

Sensitive and rapid
 Thiolcholine + dithiobis-nitrobenzoic acid
(DNBA)
 Colored product measured at 410 nm

A

Ellman Method/Colorimetric

80
Q

 Cholinesterase + thiol ester →

A

Thiolcholine

81
Q

 treatment of narcolepsy and attention-deficit disorder
 Leads to “pleasant feeling”
 block release of dopamine
 Anti-histamine can cause false positive

A

AMPHETAMINES

82
Q

Acute psychotic syndromes
 Auditory and visual hallucinations
 Suicidal tendencies
 Paranoia

A

AMPHETAMINES

83
Q

 Tetrahydrocannabinol or cannabis

A

CANNABINOIDS

84
Q

 Local anesthetic for nasopharyngeal surgery and an active CNS
stimulant

A

COCAINE

85
Q

 Lipophilic substance, rapidly removed from the bloodstream

A

CANNABINOIDS

86
Q

 Induces platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction, and synthesis of
plasminogen activator inhibitor

A

COCAINE

87
Q

 Capable of crossing placenta and mammary gland

A

COCAINE

88
Q

OPIATES
OURCE: OPIUM POPPY

A
89
Q

 Naturally occurring opiates:

A

opium, morphine, codeine

90
Q

major metabolite in the urine

A

 Morphine

91
Q

 “Pin-point pupils” – constricted pupils

A

OPIATES

92
Q

 Stimulant, depressant, hallucinogenic
 Physiologic effect: analgesia, anesthesia

A

PHENCYCLIDINE

93
Q

 therapeutic role and depressants
 barbiturates and benzodiazepines

A

SEDATIVE-HYPNOTICS

94
Q

enzyme labelled antigen, antibody, substrate, test antigen

A

Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT)

95
Q

labelled antigen is___ to the
enzymatic activity

A

INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

96
Q

 Confirmatory Test
 Separation of volatile mixture of drugs
according to mass to charge ratio
 Measured by a detector according to
intensity of ion current

A

Gas Chromatography - Mass
Spectroscopy

97
Q

 Solvent migrates by capillary
action, dissolving and carrying
the drugs

A

Thin Layer Chromatography

98
Q

tampering of the specimen for drug testing which makes
the test results false-negative

A

Adulteration

99
Q

Step-by-step documentation of the handling and testing legal
specimens
 Process provides this documentation of proper sample
identification from the time of collection and receipt of
laboratory results

A

CHAIN OF CUSTODY

100
Q

Chemically-related to testosterone
 Treatment for male hypogonadism
 Increases muscle mass

A

ANABOLIC STEROIDS

101
Q

High ratio is associated with ____
testosterone administration

A

exogenous

102
Q

Normal T/E ratio:

A

1:1

103
Q

Toxic effects:
 Chronic hepatitis
 Atherosclerosis
 Abnormal Platelet Aggregation
 Cardiomegaly

A

ANABOLIC STEROIDS

104
Q

Toxic effects:
 Palpitations
 HTN
 Cardiac arrhythmias
 Convulsions
 Pancytopenia
 Mental impairment
 Teeth grinding

A

AMPHETAMINES

105
Q

Toxic effects:
 Palpitations
 HTN
 Cardiac arrhythmias
 Convulsions
 Pancytopenia
 Mental impairment
 Teeth grinding

A

AMPHETAMINES

106
Q

 Signs of acute intoxication: hyperpyrexia (very high fever)

A

AMPHETAMINES

CC 2 LAB FINALS (1 decks)

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