M8 Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
are involved in the regulation of
the immune response
A
Cytokines
2
Q
Small soluble proteins that regulate the immune
system, orchestrating both innate immunity and the
adaptive response to infection
A
CYTOKINES
3
Q
Chemical messengers, produced by several different
types of cells, have activity-modulating effects on the
hematopoietic and immune systems through
activation of cell-bound receptor proteins
A
CYTOKINES
4
Q
induced in response to stimuli (e.g.
LPS, flagellin) through ligation of cell adhesion
molecules or through recognition of foreign antigens
by host lymphocytes
A
CYTOKINES
5
Q
Cytokines are produced in the presence of
antigens such as the ones containing
___ AND __, which are
bacteria
A
lipopolysaccharides and flagellin
6
Q
Direct the growth, differentiation, and gene expression
by many different cell types, including leukocytes.
A
CYTOKINES
7
Q
Expression of cytokines and their receptors is ___
regulated
A
highly
8
Q
Whenever there would be an inducing
stimulus (e.g. LPS or flagellin) or any
presence of antigen molecules, certain
_______would cause the
cytokine gene to become activated, thus,
producing cytokines
A
cytokine-producing cells
9
Q
Once they are in the ______, they will
attach and send signal, causing the target
cell for its gene to be activated, which then
leads to different biological effects
A
receptor
10
Q
Same cell
secretes and
receives cytokine
signal
A
AUTOCRINE
11
Q
Cytokine signal
secreted to a
nearby cell
A
PARACRINE
12
Q
Cytokine signal
secreted to
circulatory
system; travels to
distant cells
A
ENDOCRINE
13
Q
■ Cytokine-producing cell and target
cell are the ____
A
same
14
Q
Involvement of the circulatory
system where there is travel
A
ENDOCRINE
15
Q
Cytokine-producing cell (CPC) will
secrete cytokines and go to ___ and ____
A
blood
vessel and distant responding cell
16
Q
Cytokines are ____,one cytokine can have
different effects on different cells
A
pleiotropic
17
Q
Cytokine-producing cell is the activated
____
A
T-helper cell
18
Q
T helper will secrete the ____
A
cytokine IL-4
19
Q
Cytokine-producing cell that is the activated
T-helper cell will secrete three types of
cytokines ____
A
(IL-2, IL-4, IL-5)
20
Q
_____ will act together on the B-cell, it
will cause B-cell to induce class switch to ____
A
IL-4 and IL-5, IgE
21
Q
REDUNDANCY ACTIVATED TH CELLS
A
IL2,4,5
22
Q
SYNERGY ACTIVATED TH CELLS
A
IL4,5
23
Q
ANTAGONISM REDUNDANCY ACTIVATED TH CELLS
A
IL4 AND IFNY
24
Q
_____ would counter interleukin
4, causing the blockage or cessation from
inducing class switch to IgE
A
Interferon gamma
25
In a___, cytokines can stimulate the
production of other cytokines.
cascade effect
26
one cytokine-producing cell causes
the activation of another cell to produce
cytokines
DOMINO AFFECT
27
In cascade induction, when interferon gamma cytokine targets
macrophage, it causes macrophage to
become cytokine-producing cell, releasing
the _____
cytokine IL-12
28
IL-12 will have the target cell, activated
T-helper, also causing the activated T-helper
to secrete___
interferon gamma, tumor necrosis
factor, IL-2, and other cytokines
29
STRUCTURAL GROUPING
1. Interferons
2. Tumor Necrosis Factor
3. Interleukins (IL-1 to IL-32)
4. Transforming Growth Factors (TGF)
5. Colony stimulating factors (CSF
30
Mediators and regulators of innate immunity
● Act on ___ and ___ to
stimulate early innate response
endothelial cells and leukocytes
31
Mediators and regulators of adaptive immunity
● Act on ____to stimulate and regulate
adaptive responses to specific things
lymphocytes
32
Stimulators of hematopoiesis
● Act on the ___to stimulate growth
and differentiation of ___ and ___
bone marrow , leukocytes and
lymphocytes
33
CYTOKINES OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
● Type 1 IFN (IFN-ɑ, IFN-β)
● IL-1
● IL-6
● IL-12
● IL-15
● IL-18
● TNF-ɑ
● TGF-β
● Chemokines
34
TYPE 1
(IFN-ɑ AND IFN-β)
35
Interferes with viral replication and cell division.
TYPE 1 (IFN-ɑ AND IFN-β)
36
Activates natural killer cells and enhances Class-1
MHC expression, thus increasing the recognition and
killing of virus=infected cells
TYPE 1 (IFN-ɑ AND IFN-β)
37
IFN-ɑ:
leukocytes
38
IFN-β:
fibroblasts, epithelial cells
39
IL-1 family consists of
IL-1β, IL-1a, and IL-1RA
40
Origin of IL1
monocytes and macrophages
41
______acts as an antagonist to IL-1 by blocking the
IL-1 receptor and limiting the availability of the
receptor for IL-1.
IL-1RA
42
Acts as an endogenous pyrogen and induces fever
in acute phase response through its actions in the
hypothalamus
IL1
43
IL1:Acts as an ____ and induces fever
in acute phase response through its actions in the
hypothalamus
endogenous pyrogen
44
Induces the production of vascular cell-adhesion
molecules as well as chemokines and IL-6.
IL1
45
Origin of IL1
macrophages, T cells, osteoblasts
46
It is part of the cytokine cascade released in response
to lipopolysaccharide and plays an important role in
acute phase reactions and the adaptive immune
response
IL6
47
IL-1 causes the secretion of ____which is
a part of a cascade effect, wherein one
cytokine would cause the creation of another
cytokine
IL-6
48
expressed by a variety of normal and
transformed cells, including T cells, B cells monocytes
and macrophages, fibroblasts, hepatocytes,
keratinocytes, astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells
and various tumor cells
IL6
49
● Stimulates B cells to proliferate and differentiate into
plasma cells and induces CD4+ T cells to produce
greater quantities of both pro- and anti- inflammatory
cytokines
IL6
50
IL-12
(NK STIMULATORY FACTOR)
51
ORIGIN OF IL12:
B cells and macrophages
52
IL12 Stimulates the production of IFN-γ by __
NK and T cells
53
stimulating the differentiation of naive T cells into Th1
cells and enhancing cytolytic functions of activated
NK cells and CD8+ T cells
IL12
54
Growth factor for activated NK-LAK cells
IL12
55
ORIGIN OF IL15
T cells
56
It is produced in response to viral infection and other
signals that trigger innate immunity
IL15
57
Promotes proliferation of NK cells
IL15
58
Produces survival signals for memory lymphocytes
IL15
59
Acts as synergist in LAK cell induction process
IL15
60
Increases anti-tumoral activities of T-killer and NK
cells and can be chemoattractant for T lymphocytes
IL15
61
__is key condition for IFN-γ synthesis
Endogenous IL-15
62
ORIGIN OF IL 18
MACROPHAGE
63
Acts as synergist with IL-12 which stimulates the
production of IFN-γ by NK and T cells
IL18
64
High IFN-γ production under integrated effect of ____ AND ___ suppresses tumor growth
IL-18
and IL-12
65
TNf-A
CACHECTIN
66
Activates T cells through its ability to induce
expression of _____molecules, vascular
adhesion molecules, and chemokines
MHC class II
67
Activates T cells through its ability to induce
expression of MHC class II molecules, vascular
adhesion molecules, and chemokines
TNF-a
68
When secreted at higher levels, TNF can have
deleterious systemic effects, leading to septic shock,
causing a decrease in blood pressure, reduced tissue
perfusion, and disseminated intravascular
coagulation. The latter may lead to uncontrolled
bleeding
TNF-a
69
ORIGIN OF TNF B
T CELLS
70
Active transforming growth factor (TGF-) is primarily a
regulator of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis,
migration, and the inflammatory response.
TNF B
71
acts as a control to help down-regulate the
inflammatory response when no longer needed
TNF B
72
INHIBITORY CYTOKINE
TNF B
73
_____regulates the expression of CD8 in CD4–
CD8– thymocytes and acts as an autocrine inhibitory
factor for ____thymocytes
TGF-β , immature
74
_____blocks the production of IL-12 and strongly
inhibits the induction of IFN-γ
TGF-β
75
Family of cytokines that enhance motility and promote
migration of many types of white blood cells toward
the source of the chemokine (chemotaxis)
CHEMOKINES
76
Chemokines Structural grouping:
C Chemokines, CC Chemokines,
CXC Chemokines and CX3C Chemokines
77
control the
migration of cells during the normal
development and maintenance of tissues
and lymphoid organs
homeostatic chemokines
78
produced in
response to infection or injury and direct the
migration of leukocytes into the infected or
damaged site
inflammatory chemokines
79
some
chemokines promote the development of
blood vessels (pro-angiogenic) others
prevent the development of blood vessels
(anti-angiogenic).
Angiogenic chemokines:
80
CYTOKINES OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
● Th1 cytokines
○ IFN-γ
○ IL-2
● Th2 cytokines
○ IL-4
○ IL-10
● IL-5
● IL-13
81
ORIGIN OF IFN Y
Th1 cells
82
Regulation and activation of CD4 Th1 cells, CD8
cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells, bactericidal activities,
___ and ___
IL-12R and IL-18R
83
stimulates antigen presentation by MHC I and
MHC II molecules
IFNY
84
Stimulator of macrophages and boosts their tumoricidal activity
IFN y
85
ORIGIN OF IL2
TH cells
86
It drives the growth and differentiation of both T and B
cells and induces lytic activity in NK cells.
IL2
87
_____alone can activate proliferation of Th2 cells and
helps to generate IgG1 and IgE producing cells
IL-2
88
ORIGIN OF IL4
: T cells & mast cells
89
Induces differentiation of naive helper T cells (Th0
cells) to Th2 cells.
IL4
90
Promotes the production of IgG2a and IgE and, along
with IL-5, drives the differentiation and activation of
eosinophils in both allergic immune responses and
the response to parasitic infections.
IL4
91
ORIGIN OF IL10
monocytes, macrophages, CD8+ T cells and
Th2 CD4+ T cells
92
Inhibits activated macrophages; displays potent
abilities to suppress antigen presenting of APCs.
IL10
93
Released by Tc cells to inhibit the action of NK cells
during immune response to viral infection.
IL10
94
Predominantly an inhibitory cytokine
IL10
95
ORIGIN OF IL5
Th cells and mast cells
96
Activates eosinophils and serve as link between T cell
activation and eosinophilic inflammation
IL5
97
Stimulates growth and differentiation of eosinophils
and activates mature eosinophils
IL5
98
Growth and differentiation-inducing factor for activated
T and B cells; induces class-specific B cell
differentiation (IgA production)
IL5
99
Aids in specifying to become an IgA
antibody
IL5
100
ORIGIN OF IL13
T CELLS
101
Similar to IL-4 but appears to have less effect on T or
B cells than IL-4
IL13
102
Inhibit activation of macrophage and antagonize
IFN-Y
IL13
103
Important mediator of allergic inflammation and
disease
IL13
104
Activation of lymphocytes requires 2 signals:
1. Being antigen
2. Being molecules that are produced during
innate immune response to microbes or
injured cells.
105
Activation of the small lymphocytes whether
it is a T cell or a B cell and even an NK cell
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
106
____ stimulates the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T
cells to the Th1 subset of effector cells.
IL-12
107
______stimulate the differentiation of
naïve CD4+T cells to the Th17 subset of effector
cells.
IL-1, IL-6, and IL-23
108
stimulate the differentiation of
naïve CD4+ T cells to the Th2 subset of effector cells
IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP
109
TSLP
thymic stromal lymphopoietin
110
promotes the survival of memory CD8+ T cells.
● IL-15
111
promotes the production of antibodies by
activated cells.
IL16
112
○ is a cytokine that is produced by and inhibits
activation of macrophages and DCs.
IL10
113
excellent example of negative feedback
regulator
IL10
114
○ functions as competitive inhibitor of IL-1
IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-IRA)
115
act as "decoy" that
competitively inhibits IL-1 binding to the Type
1 signaling receptor.
● IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-IRA)
116
self consume/self killing;
“starvation”; a type of apoptosis
AUTOPHAGY
117
inhibitors of JAK-STAT
signaling pathways linked to cytokine
receptors
Suppressors of cytokine signaling
(SOCS) proteins
118
- limit responses of these
cells to exogenous cytokines such as type 1
interferons
○ SOCS proteins
119
negatively regulates
proinflammatory responses of cells to TLR
signaling
SHP-1
120
If it encounters a healthy cell, NK
cells are ____
not activated
121
When there will be too much NK
cells like an inhibitory receptor,
there would be a
___
normal cell
122
MHC ____stops or
prevents the activation of
NK cells
class I
123
Naive (inactivated) B cells bind antigens to
bind to the _____
membrane-bound antibodies
124
Occurs when IgG antibodies bind to the FcγR
present on the B cells and antigen cross links that IgG
antibody with the membrane bound immunoglobulin
TURNING OFF THE B CELL RESPONSE
125
Naive CD4+ T cells
T helper
precursor cells (Thp)
126
___is a coreceptor
that is required for optimal activation of T
cells because it participates in intracellular
signaling events.
CD4
127
Th1 cells secretes
type 1 cytokines
128
Naive C8+ T cells that leave the thymus are cells that
are referred to as____
pre-cytotoxic T lymphocyte (pCTL)
129
can be activated at the site of
infection and not solely in secondary lymphoid tissues
Memory CD4+ T cells
130
can be activated at the site of the
infection, irrespective of whether this is an initial
response or a subsequent encounter
CD8+ T cells
131
Ingestion and elimination of ____by phagocytes
is also a major reaction of_____ immunity, but T cells
greatly enhance its function of phagocytes
microbes , innate
132
SUBSETS OF CD4+ EFFECTOR CELLS
● Th1
● Th2
● Th17
133
th1
IFN y
134
Th2
Th2 cells: IL-4, IL-5, IL-13
135
. Th17 cells
IL-17 and IL-32
136
Autoimmunity;
chronic
inflammation
th1
137
Allergy
🔊 also involved in
parasitic, but more
specifically in allergic
Th2
138
Extracellular
bacteria and
fungi
Th17
139
Extracellular
pathogens
Tfh
140
Eosinophil and
mast cells
activation;
alternative
macrophages
activation
Th2
141
Neutrophil
recruitment and
activation
Th17
142
Macrophage
activation
Th1
143
A normal homeostatic mechanism that is necessary
for maintaining normal cell numbers
apoptosis
144
● Occurs through a series of biochemical reactions
within cell that lead to chromatin condensation, DNA
fragmentation, cell shrinkage, and membrane
blebbing
apoptosis
145
2 major pathways:
○ Mitochondrial (or intrinsic) pathway
○ Death receptor (or extrinsic) pathway
146
Regulated by BCL-2 proteins
○ Mitochondrial (or intrinsic) pathway
147
maintain or
control the apoptosis through this pathway
○ Mitochondrial (or intrinsic) pathway
148
responsible in preventing
apoptosis by staying inside the mitochondria
Cytochrome c
149
must NEVER come into
contact with the cytochrome C
APAF 1
150
This pathway is initiated when cytoplasmic
proteins belonging to the BH3 family binds to
the proteins Bax and Bak
Mitochondrial/Intrinsic pathway
151
____will lead to DNA fragmentation,
damage… until the entirety of the cell is
damaged
Caspase 9
152
Cytochrome C will only come out when BH3
proteins bind to the___ and __
Bax and Bak
153
When this interaction occurs, changes in
FAS receptor leads to FADD trigger
activation of ______
procaspase 8
154
which initiate caspase that
activate BH3 protein bind to Bax and Bak,
leading apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway
caspase 8
