MA-1100 Chapter 2 Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
aden/o
A
gland
2
Q
adip/o
A
fat
3
Q
anter/o
A
before, front
4
Q
caud/o
A
lower part of body, tail
5
Q
cephal/o
A
head
6
Q
cyt/o, -cyte
A
cell
7
Q
end-, endo-
A
in, within, inside
8
Q
exo-
A
out of, outside, away from
9
Q
hist/o, histi/o
A
tissue
10
Q
-ologist
A
specialist
11
Q
-ology
A
the science or study of
12
Q
path/o, -pathy
A
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
13
Q
plas/i, plas/o, -plasia
A
development, growth formation
14
Q
poster/o
A
behind, toward the back
15
Q
-stasis, -static
A
control, maintenance of a constant level
16
Q
Anatomic Reference System
A
describe the locations of the structural units of the body
17
Q
Anatomical Reference System Parts
A
Body Planes, Body Direction, Body Cavitites, Structural Units
18
Q
Anatomy
A
is the study of the structures of the body
19
Q
Physiology
A
is the study of the functions of the structures of the body (physi means nature or physical, and -ology means study of)
20
Q
Anatomic Position
A
body standing in the standard position - including: standing up straight to that the body is erect and facing forward, Holding arms at the side with hands turned so that the palms face toward the front.
21
Q
Body Planes
A
Imaginary vertical and horizontal lines used to dived the body into sections for descriptive purposes. (body is in the anatomic position)
22
Q
Vertical Plane
A
an up and down plane that is a right angle to the horizon
23
Q
Vertical Plane (3 planes)
A
Sagittal, Midsagittal & Frontal
24
Q
Sagittal Plane
A
vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions.
25
Midsagittal Plane
also known as the midline, is the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
26
Frontal Plane
vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. Also known as the coronal plane, it is located at right angles to the sagittal plane.
27
Horizontal Plane
flat crosswise plane, such as the horizon
28
Transverse Plane
a horizonal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portion. A transverse plane can be at the waist or at any other level across the body.
29
Ventral
refers to the front or belly side, of the organ or body (ventr means belly side of the body, -al means pertaining to) Ventral is the opposite of dorsal.
30
Dorsal
refers to the back of the organ or body (dors means back of the body, -al means pertaining to) Dorsal is the opposite of ventral.
31
Anterior
means situated in the front. It also means on the front or forward part of an organ. example: the stomach is located anterior to (in front of) the pancreas.
32
Poserior
means situated in the back. It also means on the back part of an organ. example: the pancreas is located posterior to (behind) the stomach.
33
Superior
Means uppermost, above, or toward the head. Example: the lungs are located superior to (above) the diagphragm
34
Inferior
means lowermost, below, or toward the feet. Example: the stomach is located inferior to (below) the diaphragm.
35
Cephalic
Means toward the head.
36
Caudal
Means toward the lower part of the body.
37
Proximal
means situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure. example: the proximal end of the humerus forms part of the shoulder.
38
Distal
Means situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body sturcture. Example: the distal end of the humerus forms part of the elbow.
39
Medial
means the direction toward, or nearer, the midline. Example: the medial ligament of the knee is near the inner surface of the leg.
40
Lateral
means the direction toward or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline. Example: the lateral ligament of the knee is near the side of the leg. Bilateral means relating to, or having, two sides.
41
Dorsal Cavity
Located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions.
42
Cranial Cavity
located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain.
43
Spinal Cavity
located with the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord.
44
Ventral Cavity
located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis.
45
Homeostasis
the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.
46
Ventral Cavity Portions
Thoracic Cavity, Abdominal Cavity & Pelvic Cavity
47
Thoracic Cavity
also known as chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs. The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity.
48
Abdominal Cavity
Contains primarily the major organs of digestion. This cavity is frequently referred to simply as the abdomen.
49
Pelvic Cavity
Is the space formed by the hip bones and contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory system.
50
Abdominopelvic Cavity
refers to these two cavities as a single unit. There is no physical division between the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
51
Inguinal
means relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen. This incles the groin, which is the crease at the junction of the trunk with the upper end of the thigh.
52
Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen (9)
Right/Left hypochondriac regions, epigastric region, right/left lumbar regions, umbilical region, right/left iliac region & hypogastric region
53
Right/Left hypochondriac Region
are covered by the lower ribs.
54
Epigastric Region
is located above the stomach
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Right/Left Lumbar Region
are located near the inward curve of the spine.
56
Umbilical Region
surrounds the umbilicus, which is commonly known as the belly button or navel. The pit in the center of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth.
57
Right/Left Iliac Region
are located over the hip bones.
58
Hypogastric Region
is located below the stomach.
59
Quadrants of the Abdomen & Abbreviation
RUQ: Right Upper Quadrant, LUQ: Left Upper Quadrant, RLQ: Right Lower Quadrant, LLQ: Left Lower Quadrant
60
Peritoneum
multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.
61
Membrane
thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ.
62
Parietal Peritoneum
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall.
63
Parietal
Cavity Wall
64
Mesentery
fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.
65
Visceral Peritoneum
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity.
66
Visceral
relating to the internal organs.
67
Retroperitoneal
located behind the peritoneum. Example: the location of the kidneys is retroperitneal with one on each side of the spinal column.
68
Cells
the basic structural and functional units of the body. Cells are specialized and grouped together to form tissues and organs.
69
Cytology
the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of the cell.
70
Cytologist
a specialist in the study and analysis of cells.
71
Cell Membrane
the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of the cells by separating them from its external environment.
72
Cytoplasm
the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.
73
Nucleus
which is surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell. It has two important functions: It controls the activities of the cell, and it helps the cell divide.
74
Stem Cells
unspecialiezed cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division.
75
Adult Stem Cells (Somatic Stem Cells)
undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. Primary role is to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.
76
Embryonic Stem Cells
undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; however, they have the important ability to form ANY adult cell. They grow rapidly. Come from Cord Blood.
77
Gene
A fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity.
78
Genetices
The study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease.
79
Dominant Gene
Inherited from eith parent, the offspring WILL inherit that genetic condition or characteristic. Example: Freckles, Huntington's Disease
80
Recessive Gene (Both Parents)
When the same gene is inherited from BOTH parents, the offspring WILL have that condition. Example: Sickle Cell Anemia
81
Recessive Gene (One Parent)
When a gene is inherited from only one parent, and a normal gene is inherited from the other parent, the offspring WILL NOT have the condition.
82
Genome
is the complete set of genetic information of an organism.
83
Chromosomes
are the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell. These chromosomes are made up of the DNA molecules containing the body's genes.
84
Somatic Cell
any cell in the body except the gametes (sex cells)
85
Sex Cell
Sperm or Egg. Also known as Gamete. It is the only cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes. Ovum or Sperm has 23 single chromosomes. Female (X) Male (XY)
86
Genetic Mutation
is a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule - potential causes would be exposure to radiation or environmental pollution.
87
Somatic Cell Mutation
is a change within the cells of the body. These changes affect the individual but CANNOT be transmitted to the next generation.
88
Gametic Cell Mutation
Is a change within the genes in a gamete that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children.
89
Genetic Engineering
Is the manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes.
89
Hereditary Disorder
A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene. Example: Cystic Fibrosis, Down Syndrome, Hemophilia, Huntington's Disease, Muscular Dystrophy, Phenylketonuria & Tay-Sachs Disease
90
Tissue
A group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions.
91
Histology
is the study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.
92
Histologist
a specialist in the study of the organization of tissues at all levels.
93
Four main types of tissues
Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissues, Muscle Tissue, Nerve Tissue
94
Epithelial Tissues
Form a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. These tissues also form glands.
95
Epithelium
Is the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes.
96
Endothelium
is the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands and organs.
97
Connective tissues
Support and connect organs and other body tissues.
98
Dense Connective Tissues
Such as bone and cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body.
99
Adipose Tissue
Also known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation and support
100
Loose Connective Tissue
Surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels
101
Liquid Connective Tissues
Which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body.
102
Muscle Tissue
Contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax.
103
Nerve Tissue
Contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses.
104
Aplasia
Is the defective development, or congenital absence, of an organ or tissue.
105
Hypoplasia
is the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.
106
Anaplasia
Is a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. This abnormal cell development is characteristic of tumor formation in cancers.
107
Dysplasia
Is the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.
108
Hyperplasia
Is the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of ann abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.
109
Hypertrophy
Is a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissue. This enlargement is not due to tumor formation.
110
Gland
Is a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions.
111
Two major types of glands
Exocrine & Endocrine
112
Exocrine Gland
Secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body, such as sweat glands.
113
Endocrine Glands
Which produce hormones, do not have ducts. These hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, and are then transported to organs and structures throughout the body.
114
Adenitis
is the inflammation of a gland
115
Adenocarcinoma
Is a malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue.
116
Malignant
Means harmful, capable of spreading, and potentially life threatening.
117
Adenoma
Is a benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue.
118
Benign
Means not life threatening.
119
Adenomalacia
is the abnormal softening of a gland.
120
Adenosis
Is any disease or condition of a gland.
121
Adenosclerosis
Is the abnormal hardening of a gland.
122
Adenectomy
is the surgical removal of a gland.
123
Organ
is a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function.
124
Pathology
Is the study of disease, the nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function.
125
pathologist
specializes in the laboratory analysis of tissue samples to confirm or establish a diagnosis. These tissue specimens can be removed in biopsies, during operations, or in postmortem examination.
126
Etiology
Is the study of the causes of diseases.
127
Pathogen
is a disease producing microorganism such as a virus.
128
Transmission
is the spread of a disease.
129
Contamination
means that a pathogen is possibly present.
130
Communicable Disease
Also known as a contagious disease, is any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either by direct or indirect contact with contaminated objects. Communicable means capable of being transmitted.
131
Indirect Contact Transmission
refers to situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminate surface.
132
Bloodborne Transmission
Is the spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids that are contaminated with blood. Examples: HIV, Hepatitis B, STD's.
133
Airborne Transmission
Occurs through contact with contaminated respiratory droplets spread by a cough or sneeze. Examples: Tuberculosis, Flu, Colds and Measles.
134
Food-borne and Waterborne Transmission
Also known as fecal-oral transmission, is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present.
135
Vector-Borne Transmission
Is the spread of certain disease due to the bite of a vector. The term vector describes insects or animals such as flies, mites, fleas, ticks, rats, and dogs that are capable of transmitting disease. Mosquitoes are the most common vectors, and the diseases they transmit include Malaria and West Nile virus.
136
Epidemiologist
is a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group.
137
Endemic
refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area. Example: the common cold is endemic because it is always present within the general population.
138
Epidemic
is a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area. Example: a sudden widespread outbreak of measles.
139
Pandemic
Refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide. Example: Aids
140
Functional Disorder
Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical causee can bee identified. Example: panic attacks
141
Iatrogenic Illness
is an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment. Example: severe burns resulting from radiation therapy.
142
Idiopathic Disorder
is an illness without known cause.
143
Infectious Disease
is an illness caused by living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.
144
Nosocomial Infection
is a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting. Example: MRSA infections.
145
Organic Disorder
produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body. Example: chickenpox, which has a characteristic rash, is an organic disorder caused by a virus.
146
Congenital Disorder
is an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth. These conditions can be caused by a developmental disorder before birth, prenatal influences, premature birth, or injuries during the birth process.
147
Developmental Disorder
also known as a birth defect, can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe.
148
Anomaly
is a deviation from what is regarded as normal.
149
Atresia
describes the congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular. Example: anal atresia is the congenital absence of the opening at the bottom end of the anus.
150
Prenatal Influences
are the mother's health, behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery. Example: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.
151
Premature Birth
is a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development, can cause serious health problems because the baby's body systems have not had time to form completely. Breathing difficulties and heart problems are common in premature babies.
152
Birth Injuries
are congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth. Example: Cerebral Palsy, which is the result brain damage, can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birth process.
153
Geriatrics
the study of the medical problems and care of older people.
154
Autopsy
postmortem examination
155
Postmortem
after death
156
General Practitioner or Family Practice Physician
provides ongoing care for patients of all ages.
157
Internist
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems.
158
Pediatrician
is a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children. Pediatrics
159
Geriatrician
is a physician who specializes in the care of older people.
160
Hospitalist
focuses on the general medical care of hospitalized patients.
161
A & P
anatomy & physiology
162
CD
Communicable Disease
163
CH, chr
Chromosome
164
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic
165
epid
epidemic
166
GP
general practitioner
167
HD
Huntington's Disease
168
LLQ
Lower Left Quadrant
169
LUQ
Left Upper Quadrant
170
PKU
phenylketonuria
171
RLQ
Right Lower Quadrant
172
RUQ
Right Upper Quadrant
173
chondr/o
Cartilage
174
colo/o
colon
175
dem/o
people, population
176
hepat
liver
177
hyster/o
uterus
178
lapar/o
abdominal wall
179
nephr/o
kidney
180
orchi/o
testicles
181
phleb/o
vein
182
retr/o
backwards or behind
183
ost/e
bone
184
corno/o
crown
