MA-1100 Chapter 3 Flashcards
(234 cards)
1
Q
-desis
A
to bind, tie together
1
Q
-lysis
A
loosening or setting free
1
Q
-um
A
singular noun ending
2
Q
acromion
A
is an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder.
2
Q
acetabulum
A
also known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
3
Q
ankles
A
are the joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements possible.
3
Q
allogenic bone marrow transplant
A
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling. However, unless this is a perfect match, there is the danger that the recipient’s body will reject the transplant.
4
Q
ankylosis
A
is the loss or absence of mobility in joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure.
4
Q
ankylosing spondylitis
A
is a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae.
5
Q
appendage
A
is anything that is attached to a major part of the body.
6
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. the appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones that are organized into 1: upper extremities (shoulder, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) 2: lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet).
7
Q
arthr/o
A
joint
8
Q
arthr/o
A
Joints - work with the muscles to make a variety of motion possible.
9
Q
arthritis
A
is an inflammatory condition of one or more joints. There are more than 100 types of arthritis with many different causes.
9
Q
arthrodesis
A
also known as surgical ankylosis, is the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder. This procedure is performed to treat severe arthritis or a damaged joint.
10
Q
arthrolysis
A
is the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint.
11
Q
arthrosclerosis
A
is stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly.
11
Q
arthroplasty
A
surgical placement of an artificial joint.
12
Q
arthroscopic surgery
A
is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint. Example: torn cartilage can be removed with the use of an arthroscope and instruments inserted through small incisions.
13
Q
articular cartilage
A
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints. it makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other.
13
Q
arthroscopy
A
is the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint.
14
Q
auditory ossicles
A
the three tiny bones located in each middle ear. malleus, incus and stapes.
15
Q
autologous bone marrow transplant
A
the patient receives his own bone marrow cells, which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient’s body is destroyed.
16
Q
axial skeleton
A
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems. consists of the 80 bones of the head and body that are organized into five parts. 1: the bones of the skull, 2: the ossicles (bones) of the middle ear, 3: the hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and the thyroid, 4: the rib cage, 5: the vertebral column.
16
BDT
bone density testing
17
body of the sternum
the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum.
17
bone density testing
is used to determine losses or changes in bone density. These tests are used to diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, and paget's disease.
18
bone marrow biopsy
is a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test.
18
bone marrow aspiration
is the use of a syringe to withdraw the liquid bone marrow. This procedure is used to obtain tissue for diagnostic purposes or to collect bone marrow for medical procedures such as stem cell transplantation.
19
bone marrow transplant
is used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas which affect bone marrow.
21
Burs/o
Bursa - Cushions area subject to friction during movement.
22
bursa
is a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone.
23
calcaneus
also known as the heel bone, is the larges of the tarsal bones.
23
bursitis
is an inflammation of a bursa.
23
callus
forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break. This tissue eventually becomes bone. It is also a thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing.
24
cartilage
the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. It is more elastic than bone, also makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton such as the outer ear and the tip of the nose.
24
cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. Example: where the ribs connect to the sternum - allows movement during breathing.
24
carpals
8 bones that form the wrist. These bones form a narrow bony passage known as the carpal tunnel. The median nerve and the tendons of the fingers pass through this tunnel to reach the hand.
24
cervical vertebrae
the first set of 7 vertebrae, and they form the neck. C1 - C7
25
ankyl/o
crooked, bent, stiff
25
chiropractor
holds a doctor of chiropractic degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine.
26
chondr/o
Cartilage - creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones.
26
chondr/i, chondr/o
cartilage
26
chondromalacia
is the abnormal softening of cartilage.
26
chondroma
is a slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells.
27
chondroplasty
is the surgical repair of damaged cartilage.
28
clavicle
also known as the collar bone, is a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula.
29
coccyx
which is known as the tailbone, forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together.
29
closed fracture
also known as a simple fracture or a complete fracture, is one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin.
29
closed reduction
also known as manipulation, is the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation. The affected bone is returned to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied force and then is usually immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing.
30
comminuted fracture
is one in which the bone is splintered or crushed.
31
compact bone
also known as cortical bone - is the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones.
32
cost/o
rib
33
costochondritis
is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum.
34
CR
closed reduction
36
crani/o
skull
37
craniectomy
is the surgical removal of a portion of the skull. This procedure is performed to treat craniostenosis or to relieve increased intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain.
38
craniostenosis
is a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures.
38
cranioplasty
is the surgical repair of the skull.
39
craniotomy
is a surgical incision or opening into the skull. This procedure is performed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure, or to obtain access for other surgical procedures.
40
cranium
portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain.
40
cruciate ligaments
make possible the movements of the knee. These are known as the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments because they are shaped like a cross.
40
crepitation
also known as crepitus, is the grating sound heard when the ends of broken bones move together. This term also describes the crackling sound heard in lungs affected with pneumonia and the clicking sound heard in the movements of some joints.
41
diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
42
dislocation
also known as luxation, is the total displacement of a bone from its joint.
44
distal epiphysis
the end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body.
44
embolus
any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel.
44
dual x-ray absorptiometry
is a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density. This test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing.
46
endosteum
is the tissue that lines the medullary cavity
48
epiphyses
the wider ends off long bones such as the femurs of the legs. Each epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage to protect it.
49
ethmoid bone
is light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose. Here it separates the nasal cavity from the brain, and it also forms a portion of each orbit.
50
external fixation
is a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the piece of bone firmly in place during healing. when healing is complete the appliance is removed.
52
extremity
is the terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg.
53
false ribs
the next 3 pairs of ribs, and hey attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to the sternum.
54
fat embolus
can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood.
55
femoral neck
is the narrow area just below the head of the femur.
56
femurs
are the largest bones in the body, also known as the thigh bone.
56
fibrous dysplasia
is a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous (scarlike) tissue. This leads to uneven growth, brittleness, and deformity of the affected bones.
57
Fibrous Joints
consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together. In adults these joints, known as sutures, do not allow any movement. In newborns they are movable before they have solidified.
58
fontanelles
known as soft spots, are normally present on the skull of newborn. These flexible soft spots facilitate the passage of the infant through the birth canal. They also allow for the growth of the skull during the first year. As the child matures, and the sutures close, thee fontanelles gradually harden.
58
fibula
is the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg.
60
foramen
is an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass. example: Spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone at the base of the skull.
61
fracture
which is a broken bone, is described in terms of its complexity.
62
frontal bone
is the anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead. This bone houses the frontal sinuses and forms the roof of the ethmoid sinuses, the nose and part of the socket that protects the eyeball.
63
gouty arthritis
also known as gout, is a type of arthritis characterized by deposits or uric acid in the joints.
63
Fx
fracture
64
hallux valgus
also known as a bunion, is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe.
64
greenstick fracture
incomplete fracture, is one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken. This type of fracture occurs primarily in children.
65
hemarthrosis
is blood within a joint. This condition is frequently due to a joint injury. It also can occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medication or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia
66
Hemopoietic
pertaining to the formation of blood cells.
67
herniated disk
also known as a slipped or ruptured disk, is the breaking apart of an inter-vertebral disk that results in pressure on the spinal nerve roots.
68
hip resurfacing
is an alternative to removing the head of the femur. Function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum.
70
How many bones are in the human body?
206
71
humerus
is the bone of the upper arm.
72
ilium
is the broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone.
73
immobilization
also known as stabilization, is the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast.
75
inferior conchae
two bones - are thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose.
76
internal fixation
also known as open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). is a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. This form of fixation is not usually removed after the fraction has healed.
78
ischium
which forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting.
79
Joints
also known as articulations, the place of union between two or more bones.
80
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
is an autoimmune disorder that affects children age 16 or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth and fatigue.
81
kyph/o
bent, hump
81
kyphosis
is an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side. This condition, also known as humpback or dowager's hump, is frequently associated with aging.
82
lacrimal bones
two bones make up part of the orbit at the inner angle.
83
lamina
the posterior portion of a vertebra.
84
laminectomy
is the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra.
86
ligament/o
Ligaments - forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid.
87
ligaments
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage. Complex hinge joints, such as the knee are made up of a series of ligaments that permit movement in different directions.
89
lord/o
curve, swayback, bent
90
lordosis
is an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine. This condition is also known as swayback.
91
lumbago
also known as low back pain, is pain of the lumbar region of the spine.
92
lumbar vertebrae
known as L1 - L5, make up the third set of 5 vertebrae, and together they form the inward curve of the lower spine. These are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae, and they bear most of the body's weight.
93
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
is used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints. It is not the most effective method of imaging hard tissue such as bone.
94
malleolus
is a rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint.
95
mandible
also known as the jawbone. is thee only movable bone of the skull.
96
manipulative treatment
involves manually adjusting the positions of the bones.
97
Manubrium
is the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum.
98
maxillary bones
two bones form most of the upper jaw. maxillae
100
medullary cavity
is the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone. It is here that red and yellow bone marrow are stored.
101
meniscus
the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.
102
metacarpals
the five bones that form the palms of the hand.
103
metatarsals
five bones that form part of the foot to which the toes are attached.
104
myel/o
Bone Marrow (also means Spinal Cord) Red bone marrow forms some blood cells. Yellow bone marrow stores fat.
105
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
107
Nasal bones
two bones form the upper part of thee bridge of the nose.
108
nasal septum
the cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities.
109
OA
osteoarthritis
110
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone.
111
olecranon process
commonly known as the funny bone, is a large projection on the upper end of the ulna. This forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck.
112
OP
osteoporosis
113
open fracture
also known as a compound fracture, is one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin.
115
orbit
the bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball.
116
orthopedic surgeon
also known as an orthopedist, a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints and muscles.
116
orthotic
is a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or a splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function.
117
floating ribs
the last two pairs of ribs, because they are only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae but are not attached anteriorly.
118
oss/e, oss/i,ost/o,oste/o
bone
119
oss/e,oss/i,oste/o,ost/o
Bones - Act as the framework for the body, protect the internal organs, and store the mineral calcium
120
ossification
process which the baby's skeleton that begins as fragile membranes and cartilage, after three months starts turning into bone.
120
ostealgia
also known as osteodynia, means pain in a bone.
121
ostectomy
is the surgical removal of bone.
122
osteoarthritis (OA)
also known as wear-and-tear arthritis, is most commonly associated with aging.
122
osteitis
also spelled ostitis, is an inflammation of a bone.
124
osteoblasts
help rebuild the bone
125
osteoclasis
is the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity.
127
osteoclasts
breaks down old or damaged bone
128
osteomalacia
also known as adult rickets, is abnormal softening of bones in adults. This condition is usually caused by a deficiency of vitamin d, calcium, and/or phosphate.
129
osteomyelitis
is an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone. The bacterial infection that causes osteomyelitis often originates in another part of the body and spreads to the bone via the blood.
131
osteopath
holds a doctor of osteopathy degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation.
132
Osteophytes
bone spurs
133
osteoplasty
is the surgical repair of a bone or bones.
134
osteoporotic hip fracture
also known as a broken hip, is usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall. Complications from these fractures can result in the loss of function, mobility, independence, or death.
135
osteorrhaphy
is the surgical suturing or wiring together of bones.
136
osteotomy
is the surgical cutting of a bone. This may include removing part or all of a bone, or cutting into or through a bone.
138
palatine bones
two bones form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose.
140
parietal bons
are two of the largest bones of the skull. Together they form most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium.
141
partial knee replacement (PKR)
describes a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced.
142
patella
also known as the kneecap, is the bony anterior portion of the knee.
143
pathologic fracture
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain. This is due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or a disease process such as cancer.
145
pectoral girdle
the shoulders form the pectoral girdle, which supports the arms and hands. This is also known as he shoulder girdle.
146
pelvic girdle
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities. It is known as the pelvis or hips. The pelvis is a cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk, and it consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
147
percutaneous diskectomy
is performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk. In this procedure, a thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser.
148
percutaneous vertebroplasty
is performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures. In this minimally invasive procedure, bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column.
149
periosteotomy
is an incision through the periosteum to the bone.
151
periosteum
the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
152
intervertebral disk
made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other. They also act as shock absorbers and allow for movement of the spinal column.
153
phalanges
are the bones of the toes, the great toe has two phalanges. Each of the other toes has three phalanges. The bones on the fingers are also called phalanges.
154
phalanges
are the 14 bones of the fingers. The bones of the toes are also known as phalanges. (singular, phalanx)
155
PKR
partial knee replacement
156
PMR
polymyalgia rheumatica
158
podiatrist
holds a doctor of podiatry degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot.
159
polymyalgia rheumatica
is a geriatric inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulder, upper arms, and hips and thighs.
161
popliteal
describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located.
162
process
a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon. example: the mastoid process is a bony projection located on temporal bones just behind the ears.
163
prosthesis
is a substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated.
165
proximal epiphysis
is the end of the bone located nearest the midline of the body.
167
pubic bones
at birth the ilium, ischium, and pubis are three separate bones. As the child matures, these bones fuse to form the left and right pubic bones, which are held securely together by the pubic symphysis.
168
pubic symphysis
allows some movement to facilitate childbirth. This joint is located between the pubic bones in the anterior. (Cartilaginous joint)
169
pubis
which forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, is located just below the urinary bladder.
170
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
171
radiograph
also known as an x-ray, is the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities.
172
radius
is the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. The radius runs up the thumb side of the forearm.
174
red bone marrow
located within the spongy bone, is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes.
175
revision surgery
is the replacement of a worn or failed implant.
176
rheumatoid arthritis
commonly known as RA, is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked.
177
rheumatologist
is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissue.
178
Ribs
12 pairs, known as costals. attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae.
180
sacroiliac
is the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium.
182
sacrum
is the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back. At birth, the sacrum is composed of five separate bones, however in the young child, they fuse together to form a single bone.
184
scapula
is also known as the shoulder blade.
185
scoli/o
curved, bent
186
scoliosis
is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
187
skull
consists of 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones n the middle ear.
189
sphenoid bone
an irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull. This bone makes contact with all the other cranial bones and helps form the base of the cranium, the sides of the skull, and the floors and sides of the eye sockets.
190
spina bifida
is a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it. Some cases of spina bifida are due to lack of the nutrient folic acid during the early stages of pregnancy.
192
Spinal column
also known as the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body. the spinal column consists of 26 vertebrae.
193
spinal fusion
is a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae.
194
spiral fracture
is a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart. This type of fracture occurs as the result of a severe twisting motion such as in a sports injury.
195
spondyl/o
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
196
spondylolisthesis
is the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it.
197
spondylosis
is also known as spinal osteoarthritis. This degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function.
198
spongy bone
also known as cancellous bone, is lighter and not as strong as compact bone. This type of bone is commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones such as the femur. Red bone marrow is located within this spongy bone.
199
sprain
occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn.
200
Sternum
also known as the breast bone, is a flat dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest. by joining with the ribs, it forms the front of the rib cage. It is divided into 3 parts.
201
stress fracture
which is an overuse injury, is a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact.
202
subluxation
is the partial displacement of a bone from its joints.
203
synovectomy
is the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint. One use of this procedure, which can be performed endoscopically, is to repair joint damage caused by rheumatoid arthritis.
204
synovi/o,synov/o
Synovial Fluid - lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible.
205
synovi/o,synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
207
synovial capsule
is the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint.
208
synovial fluid
which flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible.
209
Synovial Joint
is created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions. Example: Ball and Socket joints - such as hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions. Hinge joints - such as knees and elbows, they allow movement primarily in one direction or plane.
210
synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
211
synovitis
is inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint. This condition can be caused by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation produced by damaged cartilage.
213
talus
is the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula.
214
Tarsal
seven short bones - similar to the bones of the wrist. However they are much larger in size.
215
temporomandibular joint
the mandible is attached to this joint. commonly known as TMJ.
216
THA
total hip arthroplasty
217
Thoracic cavity
also known as the rib cage. The bony structure that protects the heart and lungs. It consists of the ribs, sternum, and upper portion of the spinal column extending from the neck to the diaphragm, but not including the arms.
218
thoracic vertebrae
known as T1 - T12, and are the second set of 12 vertebrae. Each of these vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it, and together they form the outward curve of the spine.l
220
tibia
also known as the shinbone, is the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
221
TKA
total knee arthroplasty
222
total hip replacement (THR)
is performed to restore a damaged hip to full function. During the surgery, a plastic lining is fitted into the acetabulum to restore a smooth surface. The head of the femur is removed and replaced with a metal ball attached to a metal shaft that is fitted into the femur. These smooth surfaces restore the function of the hip joint.
223
total knee replacement (TKR)
means that all the parts of the knee were replaced.
224
traction
is a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment.
225
transverse fracture
occurs straight across the bone.
226
true ribs
the first seven pairs of ribs and they attach anteriorly to the sternum.
227
ulna
the larger and longer bone of the forearm. The proximal end of the ulna articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint.
228
ultrasonic bone density testing
is a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass. In this procedure, sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcaneus (heel) bone. If the results indicate risks, more definitive testing is indicated.
229
vertebral foramen
the opening in the middle of the vertebra. This opening allows the spinal cord to pass through and to protect the spinal cord.
230
viscosupplementations
are injections used to add a preparation of hyaluronic acid and related compounds to a joint, easing friction and making movement easier. This is often used to treat osteoarthritis, especially in the knees.
231
vomer bone
forms the base for the nasal septum.
232
xiphoid process
the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum.
233
yellow bone marrow
functions as a fat storage area. It is composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones.
234
zygomatic bones
two bones, also known as cheekbones, articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead.
