MACHINERY Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation
A
Tillage action
2
Q
desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations
A
tillage objective
3
Q
soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary based on
utilitarian and/or economic considerations
A
tillage requirement
4
Q
tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips
A
broadcast tillage
overall tillage
5
Q
primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm
A
deep tillage
6
Q
tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil
A
earthmoving
7
Q
tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations
A
land forming
8
Q
tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope
A
land grading
9
Q
tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined surface
condition
A
land planing
10
Q
tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun,
prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines
A
oriented tillage
11
Q
tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil
A
rotary tillage
12
Q
shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil
condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control
A
soil cultivation
13
Q
mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose
A
tillage
14
Q
tillage, which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to
reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates
A
primary tillage
15
Q
tillage, following primary tillage, which are designed to control weed growth and to create
specific soil surface configurations before seeding
A
secondary tillage
16
Q
vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of penetration of the tool
A
tillage depth
tool depth
17
Q
system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting or
maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface during
the critical erosion period (see also item 2.3.4
A
conservation tillage
18
Q
system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given
geographical area
A
conventional tillage
19
Q
system wherein least soil manipulation is performed
A
minimum tillage
20
Q
system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant residue
is specifically left on or near the soil surface (see also item 2.3.1)
A
mulch tillage
21
Q
idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given
conditions
A
optimum tillage
22
Q
subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage
A
precision tillage
23
Q
system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special
planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations
A
reduced tillage
24
Q
system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to hold rain or
sprinkler applied water
A
reservoir tillage
25
system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and maintained from
year to year in the same location
ridge tillage
26
system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled
strip tillage
27
tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration
bedding
ridging
listing
28
tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant residues or
artificial mulches
anchoring
29
pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade
bulldozing
30
tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used
chisel plowing
31
operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of tillage tools or implements
(subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the
number of trips over a field
combined tillage operations
32
operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting
harrowing
33
mixing
operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers or plant
residues into the soil
incorporating
34
hilling-up
operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow midway between two
previous rows of plants
middlebreaking
35
operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants
off barring
36
operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil inversion
moldboard plowing
37
operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction with soil
manipulation
residue processing
38
deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water
movement (see item 2.4.4)
subsoiling
39
operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit immediately
behind a tillage tool shank
vertical mulching
40
implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting, breaking and
pulverizing the soil
general-purpose tillage implement
41
implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and harrow
plow-harrow
42
implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and as
row crop cultivator
rotary tiller
43
rotary plow
implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral flanged shafts which rotate
vertically
spiral plow
44
implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil strength and to
bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer
primary tillage implement
45
implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials
chisel plow
46
implement with individually mounted concave disc blades which cut, partially or completely
invert a layer of soil to bury surface material, and pulverize the soil
disc plow
47
implement which cuts, partially or completely inverts a layer of soil to bury surface materials,
and pulverizes the soil
moldboard plow
48
turns the furrow slice to the right of the plow
right-hand plow
49
turns the furrow slice to the left of the plow
left-hand plow
50
eliminates back and dead furrows and is used for surface irrigation
two-way plow
51
implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers
subsoiler
52
implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements,
provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm the
soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds
secondary tillage implement
53
implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent operations prior to
transplanting and for puddling and leveling
NOTE It consists of a row of teeth that works like a rake.
comb-tooth harrow
54
implement used to pulverize the soil to attain a better soil tilth for the seed germination and
growth
disc harrow
55
consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which throw the soil in opposite
directions
single-action disc harrow
56
tandem disc harrow
consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs and
is arranged in such a way that the discs on the front gangs throw the soil in one direction
(usually outward) and the discs on the rear gangs throw the soil in the opposite directions
double-action disc harrow
57
consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the
harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor
offset disc harrow
58
implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation subsequent to
some form of primary tillage
field cultivator
59
implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil
packer
60
implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms the
soil surface
roller-harrow
61
implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is used for
fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge
rotary hoe
62
implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass through
standing crop rows without crop damage
row crop cultivator
63
implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain
maximum stirring and raking of soil
spike-tooth harrow
64
implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel
spring-tooth harrow
65
implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by loosening the soil and/or
by mechanical eradication of undesired vegetation
cultivating tillage implement
66
implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, which allow lateral
adjustments of the tools for different row spacing
continuous-tool bar cultivator
67
implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to provide maximum
vertical clearance for the plants
separated gang cultivator
68
soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes
bed shaper
69
soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut
through the soil
blade
70
circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil
coulter
71
force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to drawbar
pull
draft
72
operating width excluding overlap (see 2.6.18 and 2.6.19)
effective operating width
73
effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line drawn through the back
or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its immediate edge
edge clearance angle
74
minimum vertical distance between the soil surface and a potentially obstructing machine
element
ground clearance
75
portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to a power source
hitch
76
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost edges of
the implement
implement width
77
implement used to insert materials into the soil
injector
78
miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow slice directly ahead
of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in covering trash
jointer
79
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on adjacent tools when projected
upon a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel
lateral tool spacing
80
line and direction along which the tillage implement travels
line of travel
81
combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting attachment to
permit a single listing-seeding operation with the planter normally being operated in the
furrow
lister-planter
82
horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two tools when projected upon
a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
longitudinal tool spacing
83
single or groups of soil-working tools together with power transmission structure, control,
and protection systems present as an integral part of the machine
mechanical tillage implement
84
distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow bottoms
horizontal clearance
85
distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially obstructing member such
as main truss (backbone), frame, beam, release mechanism, etc
vertical clearance
86
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement reworks soil previously
tilled
operating overlap
87
horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement
performs its intended function
operating width
88
soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, tool spacing or evasive
tool movement
protected zone
89
shedding
soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool without significant
adhesion
scouring
90
structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam or a standard
shank
91
spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks, cultivators,
grain drills, and soil scarifiers
shovel
92
side draft
| horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of motion
side force
93
machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by means of tillage
soil-additive applicator
94
machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material into the soil
soil-additive incorporator
95
tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the insertion of material such
as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers
soil opener
96
rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing or compacting
soil roller
97
path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool
soil-sliding path
98
length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides
soil-sliding path length
99
angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along the sliding path
soil-ascending angle
100
angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path and a horizontal
contour line constructed through the surface of the tool
soil-sliding angle
101
configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the overall shape is usually oriented with the
direction of travel of the tool and the soil surface
soil-tool geometry
102
portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soil
soil-working surface
103
unit draft
| draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section
specific draft
104
beam
| upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame
standard
105
type of cultivator shovel which is wing-shaped
sweep
106
projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil
teeth
107
individual soil-working element
tillage tool
108
tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying boundary and contact area to
the soil
complex tillage tools
109
tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are in direction other than
along the line of travel
dynamic tillage tools
110
tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft and rotating power, or
draft and electrical power
multi-powered tillage tools
111
tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to the soil
simple tillage tools
112
minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool and the nearest
potentially obstructing implement element
tool clearance
113
maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over which a tool performs
its intended function
tool-operating width
114
position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is usually oriented with the
soil surface and the direction of travel
orientation, tool
115
rake angle
angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the soil
surface
lift angle
116
angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is perpendicular to the
direction of travel
side angle
117
angle, in a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the
soil surface
tilt angle
118
distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating width coincides
with the operating width of another tool
tool overlap
119
area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool
tool-skip area
120
maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the line of motion
tool width
121
vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools when projected upon a
vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel
vertical tool spacing
122
projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the volume of soil which can be
disturbed, or to control the nature and distance of soil movement. Wings usually have lift, tilt,
and side angles which are different from those found in the orientation of the main tool and
standard
wings
123
scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil
soil abrasion
124
sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels
soil adhesion
125
act of reducing the specific volume of soil
soil compaction
126
separation of a soil mass by a slicing action
soil cutting
127
alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical forces such as in
shearing, compression, or tearing
soil failure
128
lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing
soil heaving
129
soil response to the application of mechanical forces
soil reaction
130
pulverization
| general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the action of tillage forces
soil shatter
131
sliding of soil across a surface
soil sliding
132
movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy imparted to the soil by the
tillage tool
throw
133
foreign
materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or incorporated in soil for directly
influencing the soil condition or environment
additive, soil
134
masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion) which adheres on soilworking surfaces and act as a part of the tool
adhered soil bodies
135
```
hard pan
plow pan
plow soil
dense layer of soil immediately below tillage depth created by mechanical pressure and/or
soil-shearing forces
```
compacted layer
136
soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together
concretions
137
thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement
covering depth
138
all materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil additives, and foreign bodies
that have not originated in the soil's development
foreign materials
139
resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through soil that is caused by the
mechanical strength of the soil
mechanical impedance
140
mechanical strength
| degree of resistance of soil to deformation
mechanical stability
141
clods
| blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass by tillage tool action
shear blocks
142
failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared
shear surface
143
initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are caused mainly by shear
primary shear surfaces
144
shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or tumbling of the soil after or during
the initial displacement
secondary shear surfaces
145
soil peds
| agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced by natural processes
soil aggregates
146
degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific purpose
tillability
147
raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started from center to side
back furrow
148
open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the adjacent strips of
land after finishing of plowing
NOTE It is formed when two adjacent furrow slices are thrown opposite each other.
dead furrow
149
trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice
furrow
150
peak of the turned furrow slice
furrow crown
151
ditch depth
pit depth
trench depth
depth of depression below a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface
furrow depth
152
soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom
furrow slice
153
undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow
furrow wall
154
unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip
head land
155
unplowed soil
land
156
bed height
hill height
windrow height
height of soil above a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface
ridge height
157
soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots
root bed
158
part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants
root zone
159
soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds
seedbed
160
weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis (including soil and water) or
on a dry basis (soil only, most common)
soil density
