Macro Minerals - Exam 3

Question 1

Calcium absorption

Answer 1

Dependent of calcium status, age, chelating agents

Question 2

Biological role of Ca

Answer 2

Bones
Milk

Question 3

Calcium deficiency/imbalance

Answer 3

Can be caused by P or Vit D deficiency
Osteoporosis
Cage layer fatigue
Milk fever

Question 4

Calcium Toxicosis

Answer 4

Very rare
Osteopetrosis
Urinary calculi

Question 5

What age groups need extra calcium?

Answer 5

Adolescent and geriatric

Question 6

Phosphorous absorption

Answer 6

Doudenum
Dependent on source (phytic acid)
Ca:P

Question 7

Phosphorous excretion

Answer 7

Urine

Question 8

Biological Role of P

Answer 8

Bone
Every aspect of tissue metabolism

Question 9

P deficiency & imbalance

Answer 9

Deficiency basically unheard of
Imbalance more common in ruminants
Causes weak bones, reduced production, pica
Levels measured in blood plasma

Question 10

P toxicosis

Answer 10

Urinary calculi
High P and low Ca causes PTG, resorbs bones and excretes P, leads to bone loss

Question 11

How to prevent P toxicity

Answer 11

Don’t feed excess commercial grain
add urine acidifiers
feed whole grains

Question 12

What feeds are high/low in P and Ca

Answer 12

Grains are high in P, low in Ca
Forages are low in P, high in Ca

Question 13

Magnesium absorption

Answer 13

ileum of monogastrics
reticulorumen of ruminants
Dependent on carbohydrate source (more carbs > more absorption)
More organic acids, less Mg absorption
Ca, P, K adversely affected

Question 14

Mg excretion

Answer 14

Urine and feces

Question 15

Mg biological role

Answer 15

Bone developments
Activator for enzymes
Cellular respiration
Important for decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids

Question 16

Mg deficiencies & imbalances

Answer 16

True deficiencies uncommon
Physiological deficiencies known as grass tetany
More common in spring when cold snaps reduce availability of Mg in grass
Causes neuromuscular symptoms including foaming mouth
Treatment with IV Mg
Urinary and RBC Mg tested (or just treat)

Question 17

Mg toxicosis

Answer 17

Unlikely except accidental poisoning
Causes lethargy, diarrhea, death

Question 18

Where is the majority of Mg in the body

Answer 18

50-60%
30% associated with bone P

Question 19

Where is remaining Mg found

Answer 19

Soft tissues- liver and skeletal muscles

Question 20

Sodium absorption

Answer 20

Active through intestine
Passive through stomach

Question 21

Na excretion

Answer 21

Inverse relationship between K and Na
Urine

Question 22

Biological role of Na

Answer 22

Osmotic pressure regulation

Question 23

Deficiency of NA

Answer 23

Causes decline in urine excretions
May drink urine

Question 24

Na Toxicosis

Answer 24

Can be caused by high salt in water
Increased water intake, edema, death
Chickens very sensitive to salt, no more than 2% salt

Question 25

What is Na always found with

Answer 25

Chloride

Question 26

Location of K, Na, Cl

Answer 26

K: intracellular Na: extracellular Cl: extracellular

Question 27

Is lots of salt needed in the diet?

Answer 27

No, extensively recycled through endogenous secretions Large salt intake makes small impact on absorption

Question 28

Chloride absorption

Answer 28

Passive through intestine Active through stomach (Opposite sodium)

Question 29

Cl excretion

Answer 29

Used to balance sodium excretion by kidney

Question 30

Biological role of Cl

Answer 30

Component of HCl, stomach acid

Question 31

Deficiency of Cl

Answer 31

Nonspecific symptoms (Pica, lethargy reduced production)

Question 32

Cl toxicosis

Answer 32

May affect systemic pH

Question 33

Potassium Absorption

Answer 33

(Same as Na) active through intestine passive through stomach

Question 34

K excretion

Answer 34

Inverse to sodium to maintain balance

Question 35

Biological role of K

Answer 35

Maintain nervous impulse conduction in muscles and heart (works with sodium)

Question 36

K deficiency

Answer 36

Abnormal heart rhythms

Question 37

K toxicosis

Answer 37

Can cause grass tetany

Question 38

Sulfur absorption

Answer 38

Organic sources (AA): small intestine Inorganic (Sulfate): very low absorption

Question 39

S excretion

Answer 39

Urine and feces

Question 40

S biological role

Answer 40

Disulfide bonds AAs: Methionine and Cysteine Two bonded cysteine: cystine

Question 41

S Deficiency

Answer 41

Affects microbial population

Question 42

S toxicosis

Answer 42

Sulfur turned into hydrogen sulfide by bugs No specific symptoms

Question 43

What is the relationship between Sulfur and Selenium

Answer 43

Selenium can replace the sulfur in AAs, less toxic form

Question 44

Tetrathiomolybdate

Answer 44

Molybdenum bonded to 4 sulfurs Can bond Copper Excess Mo > Cu deficiency Less Mo > Cu toxicity