MACRO MOLECULES OF LIFE Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
- are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms
- molecular structure and function are INSEPARABLE
A
MACRO MOLECULES
2
Q
- the building blocks of our body
- are important in our biological processes such as, but not limited to; cellular respiration, inheritance, gene expression, and immune response
A
BIOMOLECULES
3
Q
4 TYPES OF BIOMOLECULES
A
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACID
4
Q
small building block molecules
A
MONOMER
5
Q
a LONG MOLECULE consisting of many similar building blocks
A
POLYMER
6
Q
are polymers built from monomers
A
MACROMOLECULES
7
Q
most abundant biomolecules in Earth
A
CARBOHYDRATES
8
Q
Carbohydrates is commonly called as
A
sugars
9
Q
energy sources and structural component of cell wall in plants and fungi
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CARBOHYDRTAES
10
Q
critical components of nucleic acid
A
CARBOHYDRATES
11
Q
- simple sugars
- single sugars in Greek
- simplest carbohydrates
A
MONOSACCHARIDES
12
Q
monosaccharides are composed of how many atoms
A
3 or more carbon atoms
13
Q
2 types of monosaccharides
A
- ALDOSES
- KETOSES
14
Q
a type of monosaccharides which has an ALDEHYDE GROUP
A
ALDOSES
15
Q
a type of monosaccharides which has an KETONE GROUP
A
KETOSES
16
Q
body’s MAJOR FUEL to provide energy; formed in the body through starch digestion
A
GLUCOSE
17
Q
fruit sugar; sweetest of the simple sugar
A
FRUCTOSE
18
Q
milk sugar; synthesized in the mammary glands to make lactose of milk
A
GALACTOSE
19
Q
is formed when a DEHYDRATION REACTION joins TWO MONOSACCHARIDES
A
DISSACHARIDES
20
Q
glucose
fructose
galactose
A
MONOSACCHARIDES
21
Q
sucrose
lactose
maltose
A
DISACCHARIDES
22
Q
this covalent bond (disaccharides) is called a _______ (joins a carbohydrate molecule to another condensation process)
A
GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE
23
Q
glucose and fructose (most commonly known as TABLE SUGAR)
A
SUCROSE
24
Q
glucose and galactose (milk)
A
LACTOSE
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glucose and glucose (malt and germinating cereals)
MALTOSE
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a carbohydrate whose molecules upon HYDROLYSIS, yields TWO TO TEN MONOSACCHARIDE molecules
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
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oligosaccharides are usually attached to ____ or ____
PROTEINS (glycoproteins) or LIPIDS (glycolipids)
28
are ABUNDANT IN CELL MEMBRANE and NEEDED IN CELL RECOGNITION AND COMMUNICATION
GLYCOPROTEINS AND GLYCOLIPIDS
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HUNDRED OR MORE carbohydrates are joined together by glycosidic linkage
- for storage and structure
POLYSACCHARIDES
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a stored form of sugars in plants
STARCH
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a mixture of amylase and amylopectin
STARCH
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most abundant biological molecule in nature
CELLULOSE
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Cellulose in human food passes through the ______ as ______
digestive tract as insoluble fiber
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some microbes use ___ to digest cellulose
enymes
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some microbes use ___ to digest cellulose
enzymes
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MAJOR SUBSTANCE OF EXOSKELETON of arthropods and mollusks
CHITIN
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provides STRUCTURAL SUPPORT for the cell wall of many fungi
CHITIN
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main storage form of carbohydrate in animals
GLYCOGEN
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humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in ______ and _____
LIVE AND MUSCLE CELLS
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Building blocks of lipids
GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS
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- are generally NONPOLAR, which means they are usually HYDROPHOBIC
- used by cells to STORE ENERGY FOR LONG TERM USE
- main components of cell membrane, hormones, and important biological structures like cuticle
LIPIDS
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4 MAIN TYPES OF LIPIDS
1. FATS and OILS
2. PHOSPOLIPIDS
3. WAXES
4. STEROIDS
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energy storage
FATS
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fats and oils are also known as
TRIACYLGLYCEROL OR TRIGLYCERIDES
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two main components of fats and oils
glycerol and three fatty acids
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an organic compound with THREE CARBONS
GLYCEROL
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are LONG CHAINS OF HYDROCARBONS with an attached carboxyl group at one end of the chain
FATTY ACIDS
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types of fatty acids
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
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- have the MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS possible and NO DOUBLE BONDS
- solid at room temperature
- mostly animal fats
- fats made from this are called as saturated fats
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
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- have one or more double bonds
- liquid at room temp
- plant fats & fish fats
UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
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- contains a phosphate group
- MJOR COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANES
- consist of HYDROPHILIC HEAD AND HYDROPOBIC TAIL
- essentially triglyceride
PHOSPOLIPIDS
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phospholipids consist of ___ head
HYDROPHILIC
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phospholipids consist of ___ tail
HYDROPHOBIC
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- have a FUSED RING STRUCTURE
- have FOUR linked carbon rings
- hydrophobic; insoluble in water
- reproduction, absorption, metabolism, brain activity
STEROIDS
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- MOST COMMON STEROIDS
- formed in LIVER, BRAIN TISSUES, BLOOD VESSELS
- MAIN COMPONENTS OF BILE SALTS AND GALLSTONES
- serves a PRECURSOR of testosterone, estrogen, cortisol, vitamin D, and aldosterone
CHOLESTEROLS
56
where are cholesterols formed
LIVER
BRAIN TISSUES
BLOOD VESSELS
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- simple lipids composed of a LONG CAHIN OF ALCHOHOL bonded to a fatty acid by an ESTER BOND
- are primary components of cosmetics, food products, and medical supplies
WAXES
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Waxes are simple lipids composed of a long chain of alcohol bond to a fatty acids by an ______________
ESTER BOND
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are protective coatings of plants to prevent water loss
CUTICLES
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____ produce wax to store honey and eggs
BEES
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___ have wax that protects from infection
EARS
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- MOST DIVERSE among biomolecules
- do the MOST WORK for cell from degradation to homeostasis
- are large, complex, nitrogenous biomolecules that are made up of amino acids
PROTEINS
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proteins are made up of ___________
AMINO ACIDS
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- building block of protein
- composed of an alpha carbon, an amino group, a carboxyl group and a side chain
AMINO ACID
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can be an atom or a group of atoms and aso called the R group
SIDE CHAIN
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how many amino acids are non essential
11
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how many amino acids are essential
9
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how many amino acids are there in all
20
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when two or more amino acids are combined, they form _________
PEPTIDE
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amino acids are joined together by covalent bonds called ______
PEPTIDE BONDS
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when more amino acids are added along the peptide chain, it is now called a __________
POLYPEPTIDE
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essential amino acids
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
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Non-Essential
Alanine
Asparagine
Aspartate
Glutamate
Serine
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defined as at least a single polypeptide chain with a unique molecular structure and function, resulting from how the protein was configure
PROTEIN
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- sequence of amino acids, which is determined by the DNA through the processes of transcription and translation
- important as the higher levels of protein structures depend on it
PRIMARY STRUCTURE
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- structure formed from the INTERACTIONS AMONG ADJACENT AMINO ACIDS
- the coils and folds of ____________ result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
SECONDARY STRUCTURE
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Typical secondary structure are a coil called an ______
ALPHA HELIX
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Typical secondary structures are a coil called
ALPHA HELIX
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Typical secondary structures are a folded structure called
BETA PLEATED SHEET
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- three dimensional conformation
- formed by interactions among the side chains of amino acids when several secondary structures come together
TERTIARY STRUCTURE
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- TWO OR MORE POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS from one macromolecule
- proteins with MULTIPLE SUBUNITS
QUATERNARY STRUCTURE
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- CHEMICAL MESSENGERS IN THE BODY
- regulate many body processes and functions
- examples are insulin, glucagon, prolactin
HORMONES
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selective acceleration of chemical reactions
ENZYMES
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types of proteins
HORMONES
ENYMES
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
STRUCTURAL PROTEINS
DEFENSIVE PROTEINS
CONTRACTTILE PROTEIN
STORAGE PROTEIN
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transports substance
TRANSPORT PROTEINS
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protection against disease
DEFENSIVE PROTEINS
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are vital for movement
CONTRACTILE PROTEIN
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two notable examples of contractile protein
MYOSIN AND ACTIN
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- the ONLY ONES that CAN STORE GENETIC INFORMATION among four types of biomolecules
- serves as template for organism's identity, structure, and function
NUCLEIC ACIDS
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who discovered NUCLEIC ACIDS
FRIEDRICK MIESCHER
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when did FRIEDRICH MIESCHER discovered the nucleic acid
1868
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two types of nucleic acids
RNA AND DNA
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3 main components of DNA and RNA
PENTOSE SUGAR
NITROGENOUS BASE
PHOSPHATE GROUP
94
building block of nucleic acids
NUCLEOTIDES
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- serves as the MAIN BACKBONE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
- has five carbons
PENTOSE SUGAR
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Two types of pentose sugar
RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE
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- contains NITROGEN ATOMS
NITROGENOUS BASE
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types of nitrogenous base
PURINES
PYRIMIDINES
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nitrogenous bases that have two fused rings
PURINES
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nitrogenous bases that have one fused ring
PYRIMIDINES
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adenine and guanine are classified as
PYRIMIDINES
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cytosine, thymine, and uracil are
PURINES
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how many types of nitrogenous base are there in DNA. what are those
4; guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine
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in RNA, thymine is replaced wtih
URACIL
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the nitrogenous base is connected to the pentose sugar via
GLYOSIDIC BOND
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- has four oxygens attached to it
PHOSPHATE GROUP
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chains are typically found in a DOUBLE HELIX
a structure in which two matching (complementary) chains are stuck together
DNA - DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
108
what does DNA means
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
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in eukaryotes, such as plants and animals, DNA is found in the
NUCLEUS
110
a specialized membrane bound vault in the cell, as well as in certain other types of organelles
NUCLEUS
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in prokaryotes, such as bacteria, the DNA is ________ in a membranous envelope, a although it's located in a specialized cell region called the NUCLEOID
NOT ENCLOSED
112
what does RNA means
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
113
- SINGLE STRANDED
- contain ribose (the five carbon sugar)
RNA // RIBONUCLEIC ACID
