Macrominerals

Question 0

Functions of calcium?

Answer 0

Provides rigidity and strength to bones and teeth
Blood coagulation
Muscle contraction
Myocardial action
Neuromuscular irritability

Question 1

Form of calcium found in bones and teeth?

Answer 1

Hydrated tricalcium phosphate

Hydroxyapatite

Question 2

Where Ca salts are deposited and resorbed?

Answer 2

Bone trabeculae

Question 3

Required to form thrombin?

Answer 3

Calcium
Prothrombin
Thromboplastin

Question 4

Sustained muscular contractions?

Answer 4

Tetany

Question 5

Factors influencing Ca absorption? (5)

Answer 5

Needs of the body
Gastric acidity
Vitamin D
Ca:P ratio
Exercise

Question 6

Storage of Ca and P?

Answer 6

Bone trabeculae

Question 7

Regulates Ca balance and bone formation? (3)

Answer 7

Bone, kidney, intestine
PTH
Vitamin D

Question 8

Maintains normal level of serum calcium?

Answer 8

PTH

Question 9

Can rapidly lower a high serum calcium level?

Answer 9

Calcitonin

Question 10

RDA of calcium?

Answer 10

800mg/day

Question 11

RDA of calcium for infants?

Answer 11

360-540 mg

Question 12

RDA of calcium from 1-10 yrs old?

Answer 12

800 mg

Question 13

RDA of calcium for 11-18 yrs old?

Answer 13

1200 mg

Question 14

Food with highest level of calcium?

Answer 14

Cheddar cheese

Question 15

Best sources of calcium? (3)

Answer 15

Cheeses
Milk
Dark green leafy vegetables

Question 16

Recommended for people who cannot eat dairy products? (2)

Answer 16

Calcium carbonate or

Oyster shell calcium

Question 17

Conditions that can result in high levels of calcium? (3)

Answer 17

Idiopathic hypercalcemia
Hypercalcinuria
Hyperparathyroidism

Question 18

Excess calcium in blood?

Answer 18

Idiopathic hypercalcemia

Question 19

Excess calcium in urine?

Answer 19

Hypercalcinuria

Question 20

Caused by prolonged and excessive intake of milk?

Answer 20

Milk-alkali syndrome

Question 21

Ratio of Ca:P in bone?

Answer 21

2:1

Question 22

True or false. The amount of P in the body is controlled by absorption rather than excretion in the urine?

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Functions of phosphorus? (3)

Answer 23

Formation of bone and tooth
Production and transfer of phosphates
Regulates acid base balance

Question 24

Any substance produced by physical and chemical changes within the organism?

Answer 24

Essential metabolite

Question 25

Acts as buffers in blood and tissue?

Answer 25

Phosphates

Question 26

RDA of phosphorus?

Answer 26

800-1200 mg

Question 27

Foods rich in phosphorus? (5)

Answer 27

``` Meat Fish Poultry Eggs Milk ```

Question 28

Chemical nature of bone?

Answer 28

60% inorganic material 25% collagen 15% water 5% cells

Question 29

2 phases in bone growth?

Answer 29

1 formation of collagen | 2 calcification

Question 30

A process when amorphous calcium phosphate is deposited in the collagen fibrils?

Answer 30

Seeding or nucleation

Question 31

Factors affecting the bone crystals. (3)

Answer 31

Organic matrix Degree of phosphorylation Amount of ground substance

Question 32

A compound of P with 2 or more amino acid, which remains after enamel mineralization?

Answer 32

Phosphopeptides

Question 33

Amino acid serine combined with phosphorus?

Answer 33

O-phosphoserine

Question 34

Reduction of quantity of bone?

Answer 34

Osteoporosis

Question 35

Atrophy of bone?

Answer 35

Osteoporosis

Question 36

A condition in which rate of bone resorption is greater than the rate of bone formation?

Answer 36

Osteoporosis

Question 37

Etiologic factors of osteoporosis? (5)

Answer 37

``` Age Endocrine abnormalities Hereditary disease Poor nutrition Hematologic disorders ```

Question 38

A type of anticonvulsant which can cause osteoporosis?

Answer 38

Phenytoin

Question 39

Due to disuse or immobilization of bone?

Answer 39

Localized osteoporosis

Question 40

Commonly affected by osteoporosis?

Answer 40

Women over age 60

Question 41

Low back pain?

Answer 41

Lumbago

Question 42

True or false. In osteoporosis the pain is intermittent, while in osteomalacia it is continuous?

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Reduced bone mass?

Answer 43

Osteopenia

Question 44

Measures total body calcium?

Answer 44

Dual-photon absorptiometry

Question 45

Measures mineral content in the skeleton?

Answer 45

Computed axial tomography

Question 46

Treatment for osteoporosis? (6)

Answer 46

Ingestion of: high calcium diets, estrogen, fluoride, calcitonin, PTH, vitamin D

Question 47

Incomplete development of enamel?

Answer 47

Enamel hypoplasia

Question 48

An imperfection in enamel resulting from inadequate mineralization?

Answer 48

Hypocalcification

Question 49

Hypoplasia is characterized by?

Answer 49

Pitting

Question 50

Sign of hypocalcification?

Answer 50

Opaque, chalky white enamel

Question 51

One major cation in animal tissue?

Answer 51

Magnesium

Question 52

Central component of chlorophyll?

Answer 52

Magnesium

Question 53

Functions of magnesium? (4)

Answer 53

Cellular respiration Activator of coenzymes Production of energy Protein synthesis

Question 54

Symptoms of Mg deficiency? (6)

Answer 54

``` Hyperexcitability Behavioral disturbances Weakness Depression Tremors Convulsions ```

Question 55

RDA of Mg in male adult? For female?

Answer 55

Male: 350 mg Female: 300 mg

Question 56

Sources of Mg? (4)

Answer 56

Whole grains Nuts Soybeans Green leafy vegetables