Macromolecule and enzyme

Question 1

What are the four macromolecules we studied?

Answer 1

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

Question 2

What are monomers?

Answer 2

Molecules that can be bonded with other molecules to form a polymer.

Question 3

What are polymers?

Answer 3

Two or more monomers bonded together.

Question 4

How do you attach two monomers together? By what process?

Answer 4

Dehydration synthesis, it means to lose water molecules to attach two monomers together.

Question 5

How do you break apart the polymers into simpler monomers? What is the process?

Answer 5

Hydrolysis. By adding on water molecules.

Question 6

What are the monomers for carbohydrates?

Answer 6

monosaccharide(s)
chemical formula: C6H12O6

Question 7

What are the polymers for carbohydrate.

Answer 7

polysaccharide

Question 8

Give examples of monosaccharides

Answer 8

glucose (most common)
galactose
fructose

Question 9

What test do you use to determine the presence of glucose?

Answer 9

Benedict’s test

Question 10

Give some examples of disaccharides

Answer 10

maltose
sucrose
lactose

Question 11

Give examples of polysaccharides

Answer 11

starch
glycogen
cellulose
chitin

Question 12

What are the functions of the carbohydrates?

Answer 12

quick energy (store chemical energy for cellular use)
structural support in cells (like plant’s cell wall)

Question 13

What test do you use to determine the presence of carbohydrates?

Answer 13

Molisch’s Test. By adding iodine-potassium iodide into substances.

Question 14

What is a monomer of lipids?

Answer 14

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 15

What are the polymers of lipids?

Answer 15

phospholipid
steroids
cholesterol

Question 16

What is the function of lipids?

Answer 16

Long term energy storage
isolation

Question 17

What is the general structure of a lipid monomer?

Answer 17

One phosphate group, two fatty acids, one glycerol molecule

Question 18

What is the bond that connects the monomers of lipids together called?

Answer 18

ester linkage / ester bond

Question 19

Give the general structure of a phospholipid

Answer 19

One phosphate group, two fatty acids, one glycerol molecule

Question 20

Give the general structure of a triglyceride

Answer 20

glycerol bound to three fatty acid molecules.

Question 21

Explain the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats.

Answer 21

Saturated fatty acids only have single bond between carbon
Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds between carbon

Question 22

Where would you find lipids in the body?

Answer 22

cell membranes, cholesterol, blood cells

Question 23

What test do you use to determine the presence of LIPIDS?

Answer 23

brown paper test

Question 24

What does the term hydrophobic mean?

Answer 24

Insoluble in water( no affinity for water)

Question 25

What does the term hydrophilic mean?

Answer 25

relating to, or having a strong affinity for water

Question 26

Give an example of a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.

Answer 26

A phospholipid

Question 27

What are the monomers of protein?

Answer 27

amino acid(s)

Question 28

What is the bond that connects the protein monomers together?

Answer 28

peptide bond(s)

Question 29

What are the elements that make up the protein monomer?

Answer 29

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen

Question 30

What are the essential amino acids? What are the non-essential amino acids?

Answer 30

Essential amino acids are not made by the body Non-essential amino acids are made by the body

Question 31

What is the role of proteins in the body?

Answer 31

building blocks of life build & maintain tissues make important compounds carry vital substances balance regulate mineral and fluid balance maintain acid-base balance produce energy (only when carbohydrates and proteins are not available)

Question 32

Give three examples of proteins.

Answer 32

Storage protein enzyme hormonal protein

Question 33

What test do you use to determine the presence of proteins?

Answer 33

Biuret test for proteins.

Question 34

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Answer 34

nucleotide

Question 35

What is the general structure of the monomer of amino acids?

Answer 35

NH2,R, COOH

Question 36

What is the link between monomers of nucleic acids?

Answer 36

glycosidic linkage

Question 37

Give some examples of nucleic acids

Answer 37

DNA, RNA, ATP and ADP

Question 38

What are some functions of nucleic acids?

Answer 38

Store genetic informations Help to make proteins

Question 39

What are purines?

Answer 39

nucleobases with a double ring (Double ring structure) nitrogenous structure adenine guanine

Question 40

What are pyrimidines?

Answer 40

Single ring structures Ex: cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Question 41

What are enzymes? Why are they called organic catalyst?

Answer 41

Enzymes function as proteins that speed up the process of chemical reaction, therefore by the definition of catalyst, enzymes are a type of catalyst.

Question 42

Define the term “catalyst”

Answer 42

Catalysts are proteins that increase the reaction rate.

Question 43

Give some examples of enzymes and their functions

Answer 43

Proteases; proteins Lipases; lipids Amylases; amylose

Question 44

What affect the effectiveness of enzyme functions?

Answer 44

ph and temperature can affect the shape of the enzyme and affect its function (the substrates cannot interact with enzymes if they changed shape)

Question 45

What is the lock and key model?

Answer 45

The lock and key model is a model that describes the enzyme and substrate interaction. Where the enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key.

Question 46

What is a substrate in the lock and key model?

Answer 46

The substrate plays the role of the key in the lock and key model. Substrates are the reactants that are being transformed to products by enzymes.

Question 47

Define activation energy.

Answer 47

Activation energy is the energy that stimulates/starts a chemical reaction.

Question 48

In setting up experiments, what is the independent variable? The dependent variable? The constant? The control group?

Answer 48

The independent variable is the cause the dependent variable is the effect the control group is the group that doesn’t change

Question 49

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 49

Hypothesis is a scientific explanation for a set of observations An educated guess that aims at making predictions that helps to explain question. “Testable” A possible answer to a question Must be thoroughly tested