Macromolecules Flashcards
Carbohydrates General formula Examples of different types Bond? Main 3 carbohydrates
(CH2O)n
Cn H2n On
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides Glycosidic bond Glucose + glucose = maltose Glucose + fructose = sucrose Glucose + galactose = lactose
Glucose- respiratory function
Lipids
What are the main 2 and what are they made of?
Triglycerides
1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids
Phospholipid
1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids and 1 phosphate group
Amphiphatic (both hydrophilic and hydrophobic)
Triglycerides
Bonds?
Functions?
Hydrophobic
Ester bonds
Main energy source (9kcal) by fatty acid B oxidation
Used for protection, lubrication, waterproof
What is a nucleoside?
Pentose sugar + base
No phosphate
What is a nucleotide made of?
Bonds?
Phosphate, pentose sugar, base Phosphodiester bonds (sugar phosphate backbone)
What are the 2 groups nucleotides are split into and which ones go into each group?
Purines (2 rings) A & G
Pyramadines (3 rings) C & T & U
How many bonds does each nucleotide make?
A & T - 2 H bonds
C & G - 3 H bonds
Amino acids How many are there? How many essential ones are there? Bond? What effects the properties? What is its function?
20 naturally occurring 8 essential AA Peptide bonds Variable R group Muscle mass
What are the 4 levels of structure in a Protein?
1- AA sequence
2- folding of AA sequence forming a helix or b pleated sheet, h bonds between F, O and N
3- 3D folding, ionic, disulfide bridges s=s (cysteine AA)
4- more than one polypeptide chain (eg. Hb)
What type of proteins are enzymes?
Functional globular tertiary proteins
What do enzymes do?
Bind to substrate (induced fit) to increase rate of reaction by lowering activation energy
Optimal at certain pHs and temps
What are co enzymes and Their job?
They aren’t proteins
Bind to enzymes to aid their function
Haemoglobin
What is it?
What is it made of?
What is it referred to as?
Found in red blood cells, O2 carrier in blood
2 alpha and 2 beta chains
HbA normal Hb
What is foetal Hb referred to as and it’s structure and how it us different to normal Hb?
HbF
2 alpha and 2 gamma
Increase O2 affinity
(Can’t make own O2, dependent on mother for O2)
What is sickle Hb referred to as, and made up of?
What causes sickle Hb to be different from normal Hb?
What type of disease is it, recessive or dominant?
HbS 2 alpha and 2 mutated B chains Autosomal recessive disease Mutated B chain, on 11p, GAG to GTG (substitution mutation) Valine instead of glutamic acid
