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Chemistry 1 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is the monomer of cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

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2
Q

What is the bond in cellulose?

A

Beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds

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3
Q

What is the structure and function of cellulose?

A

Cellulose is a linear chain that helps provide plants with structure

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4
Q

What is the anomeric carbon in glucose?

A

The carbon that is connected to 2 oxygen molecules

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5
Q

What is the bond in lignin?

A

Lignin is connected by 3 major linkages, with the most abundant being Beta-O-4

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6
Q

What are the similarities between cellulose and lignin?

A
  • Both components of plant cell wall that provide structural support
  • Both abundant renewable sources of carbon
  • Both of their monomers are linked by C-O (ether) bonds
  • Both of their monomers are highly oxidisable
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7
Q

What are 3 structural differences between cellulose and lignin?

A
  • Cellulose = B-glucose only, Lignin = different lignol molecules
  • Cellulose = saturated and non-phenolic, Lignin = unsaturated and phenolic
  • Cellulose = straight linear chain, lignin = irregular
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8
Q

What are 2 other differences between cellulose and lignin?

A
  • Cellulose forms the primary cell wall and determines the shape of the plant, lignin forms secondary cell wall and determines rigidity of the plant
  • Cellulose = digestible, lignin = not digestible
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9
Q

What is the structure of a fatty acid?

A

Fatty acids consist of a long hydrocarbon chain, and a carboxylic acid at the terminus of the molecule

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10
Q

What are fatty acids the monomer of?

A

Triglycerides

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11
Q

What are fatty acids synthesised by?

A

Acetyl CoA and NADPH (reducing agent)

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12
Q

What is the name given to enzymes used in the synthesis of fatty acids?

A

FASN (fatty acid synthases)

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13
Q

What are the two classes of fatty acids?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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14
Q

What is the structure of saturated fatty acids?

A
  • Straight, unbranched structure
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15
Q

What state are saturated fatty acids in at room temperature?

A

Solid

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16
Q

What are the two possible configurations of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Cis or trans

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17
Q

What is the structure of cis unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Bent structure

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18
Q

What is the structure of trans unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Straight structure

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19
Q

What state are cis unsaturated fatty acids in at room temperature?

A

Liquid

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20
Q

What state are trans unsaturated fatty acids in at room temperature?

A

Semi-solid/solid

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21
Q

What are 4 functions of triglycerides?

A
  • Insulation
  • Helps the body absorb vitamin A, D and E
  • Mode for transporting fatty acid
  • Supply and store energy for metabolism
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22
Q

What is the structure of triglycerides?

A

Triglycerides are made up of 3 fatty acid chains, and 1 glycerol molecule

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23
Q

What is glycerol in triglycerides?

A

A triol (3 alcohol groups) that acts as an anchor holding the 3 fatty acid chains together

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24
Q

What bond forms between the glycerol and 3 fatty acids?

A

They form 3 ester bonds, between the carboxyl group of the fatty acids and alcohol on glycerol

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25
Why must all the fatty acids have to be the same in a single triglyceride?
They don't. Triglycerides can be made up of three different fatty acids
26
What is lipolysis?
The reverse of esterification in triglycerides, breaking up the glycerol and fatty acids
27
How does glycerol act as a source of energy?
It is easily converted to glucose
28
What is the main organ for the metabolism of fatty acids and triglycerides?
The liver
29
What is the role of fatty acids in the Krebs cycle?
Fatty acids undergo beta oxidation to form Acetyl-CoA, which has an important role in the Krebs cycle during cellular respiration
30
What is the difference between phospholipids and triglycerides?
Phospholipids are the same as triglycerides, except one fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group
31
What is the difference between phospholipids and glycoglycerolipids?
Glycoglycerolipids have a glucose instead of a phosphate attached
32
What are the two main features in structure of phospholipids?
One glycerol head and two fatty acid tails
33
What two components is peptidoglycan made up of?
- N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) - N-acetylglycosamine (NAG) They are interlinked by a pentapeptide
34
What is required to turn B-glucosamine into NAG?
Acetic acid
35
What is required to turn NAG into NAM?
Phospheonol pyruvate
36
Where is peptidoglycan found?
In the cell wall of bacteria
37
Which have more peptidoglycan, Gram + or Gram - bacteria?
Gram positive
38
What bond is peptidoglycan?
B-1,4 glycosidic bonds
39
What is the difference between B-glucose and B-glucosamine?
B-glucosamine has an NH2, where B-glucose has an OH
40
Where is lipopolysaccharide found?
On the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria
41
What is lipopolysaccharide made up of?
- NAM - NAG - 1 phosphate group - 2 fatty acids
42
What is the bond that joins bases and ribose in RNA?
B-N9-glycosidic bond
43
What is a nucleoside?
The base and ribose
44
When does a nucleoside become a nucleotide?
When the nucleoside attaches to a phosphate group
45
How many membered ring is ribose?
5
46
How many hydroxy groups in ribose?
4
47
What are the two types of bases?
Purines and pyrimidines
48
What are the two purines?
Adenine and Guanine
49
What are the two pyrimidines?
Cytosine and Thymine/Uracil
50
What is the structure of purines?
Larger and double ringed
51
What is the structure of pyrimidines?
Smaller and single ringed
52
What is the difference between thymine and uracil (structurally)?
Thymine is a methylated version of uracil (i.e it has an extra methyl group)
53
How many nucleotides are oligonucleotides?
13-25 nucleotides long
54
What are adjacent nucleotides held together by?
Phosphodiester bonds
55
What is chromatin made up of?
DNA coiled and wrapped around histone
56
What is chromatin condensed to form?
Chromosomes
57
How many subunits are monosaccharides?
1
58
What is the main function of monosaccharides?
Energy source
59
What are 3 examples of monosaccharides?
- Glucose - Fructose - Galactose
60
How many subunits are disaccharides?
2
61
What is the main function of disaccharides?
The transport form of monosaccharides
62
What are 3 examples of disaccharides?
- Sucrose - Lactose - Maltose
63
What is the main function of polysaccharides?
Storage form of monosaccharides
64
What are 3 examples of polysaccharides?
- Starch - Glycogen - Cellulose
65
What does axial mean in reference to ring structure?
Axial means pointed up
66
What does equatorial mean in reference to ring structure?
Pointed down
67
What are rotanane and catenane?
Synthetic macromolecules that consist of two rings interlocked together via a non-covalent bond

Chemistry 1 (10 decks)

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